Biomarkers.

Background: There is an urgent need for neuropsychological screening tests that are easily deployed and reliable. We have developed a digital neuropsychological screening protocol that is administered on a tablet, automatically scored using artificial intelligence, and requires approximately 10 minutes to administer. This tablet-administered protocol assesses the requisite neurocognitive constructs associated with emergent neurodegenerative illness METHOD: The digital protocol was administered to 77 ambulatory care/ memory clinic patients (Table 1).

Biomarkers.

Background: Digital neuropsychological assessment easily captures behavior previously not obtainable by traditional pencil-and-paper tests. Verbal serial list learning tests are commonly used to assess for putative neurogenerative syndromes. Recognition test performance is often expressed compiling simple 'yes/ no' responses, but fail to assess process metrics such as the latency to respond to individual recognition test items.

Public Health.

Background: With the advent of monoclonal antibody therapy to treat mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) there is a need to develop tests to screen for neurocognitive difficulty that are reliable and easily deployed.

Method: The Rowan Digital Cancellation Tests (RDCT) is comprised of three tests administered using an iPad Pro. Each test was preceded by a practice trial.

Biomarkers.

Background: Semantic memory refers to knowledge of attributes associated with common objects. Quantifying the strength of semantic association between successive 'animal' fluency responses can be challenging. The current research assessed between-group differences for 'animal' fluency total output and selected verbal serial list learning, episodic memory measures.

Developing Topics.

Background: A typical paper/pencil neuropsychological evaluation to assess for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia is lengthy. There is a need for a brief, digitally administered/scored neuropsychological protocol that can differentiate patients who are cognitively normal versus MCI and dementia. This need is particularly acute with the advent of disease-modifying medications to treat MCI and early Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Technology and Dementia Preconference.

Background: Semantic memory refers to knowledge of attributes associated with common objects. Quantifying the strength of semantic association between successive 'animal' fluency responses can be challenging. The current research assessed between-group differences for 'animal' fluency total output and selected verbal serial list learning, episodic memory measures.

Technology and Dementia Preconference.

Background: There is an urgent need for neuropsychological screening tests that are easily deployed and reliable. We have developed a digital neuropsychological screening protocol that is administered on a tablet, automatically scored using artificial intelligence, and requires approximately 10 minutes to administer. This tablet-administered protocol assesses the requisite neurocognitive constructs associated with emergent neurodegenerative illness METHOD: The digital protocol was administered to 77 ambulatory care/ memory clinic patients (Table1).

Technology and Dementia Preconference.

Background: Digital neuropsychological assessment easily captures behavior previously not obtainable by traditional pencil-and-paper tests. Verbal serial list learning tests are commonly used to assess for putative neurogenerative syndromes. Recognition test performance is often expressed compiling simple 'yes/ no' responses, but fail to assess process metrics such as the latency to respond to individual recognition test items.

Developing a fair and interpretable representation of the clock drawing test for mitigating low education and racial bias.

The clock drawing test (CDT) is a neuropsychological assessment tool to screen an individual's cognitive ability. In this study, we developed a Fair and Interpretable Representation of Clock drawing test (FaIRClocks) to evaluate and mitigate classification bias against people with less than 8 years of education, while screening their cognitive function using an array of neuropsychological measures. In this study, we represented clock drawings by a priorly published 10-dimensional deep learning feature set trained on publicly available data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS).

Cerebral Microbleeds in Different Brain Regions and Their Associations With the Digital Clock-Drawing Test: Secondary Analysis of the Framingham Heart Study.

Background: Cerebral microbleeds (CMB) increase the risk for Alzheimer disease. Current neuroimaging methods that are used to detect CMB are costly and not always accessible.

Objective: This study aimed to explore whether the digital clock-drawing test (DCT) may provide a behavioral indicator of CMB.

Digital assessment of cognition in neurodegenerative disease: a data driven approach leveraging artificial intelligence.

Introduction: A rapid and reliable neuropsychological protocol is essential for the efficient assessment of neurocognitive constructs related to emergent neurodegenerative diseases. We developed an AI-assisted, digitally administered/scored neuropsychological protocol that can be remotely administered in ~10 min. This protocol assesses the requisite neurocognitive constructs associated with emergent neurodegenerative illnesses.

Dysexecutive difficulty and subtle everyday functional disabilities: the digital Trail Making Test.

Background: Digital neuropsychological tests reliably capture real-time, process-based behavior that traditional paper/pencil tests cannot detect, enabling earlier detection of neurodegenerative illness. We assessed relations between informant-based subtle and mild functional decline and process-based features extracted from the digital Trail Making Test-Part B (dTMT-B).

Methods: A total of 321 community-dwelling participants (56.

A Network Analysis of Digital Clock Drawing for Command and Copy Conditions.

Graphomotor and time-based variables from the digital Clock Drawing Test (dCDT) characterize cognitive functions. However, no prior publications have quantified the strength of the associations between digital clock variables as they are produced. We hypothesized that analysis of the production of clock features and their interrelationships, as suggested, will differ between the command and copy test conditions.

A Chronic Increase in Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Facilitates Intraneuronal Deposition of Exogenous Bloodborne Amyloid-Beta1-42 Peptide in the Brain and Leads to Alzheimer's Disease-Relevant Cognitive Changes in a Mouse Model.

Background: Increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides (especially Aβ1-42) (Aβ42) have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, but the nature of their involvement in AD-related neuropathological changes leading to cognitive changes remains poorly understood.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that chronic extravasation of bloodborne Aβ42 peptide and brain-reactive autoantibodies and their entry into the brain parenchyma via a permeable BBB contribute to AD-related pathological changes and cognitive changes in a mouse model.

Methods: The BBB was rendered chronically permeable through repeated injections of Pertussis toxin (PT), and soluble monomeric, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled or unlabeled Aβ42 was injected into the tail-vein of 10-month-old male CD1 mice at designated intervals spanning ∼3 months.

Comparing Cognitive Tests and Smartphone-Based Assessment in 2 US Community-Based Cohorts.

Background: Smartphone-based cognitive assessments have emerged as promising tools, bridging gaps in accessibility and reducing bias in Alzheimer disease and related dementia research. However, their congruence with traditional neuropsychological tests and usefulness in diverse cohorts remain underexplored.

Methods And Results: A total of 406 FHS (Framingham Heart Study) and 59 BHS (Bogalusa Heart Study) participants with traditional neuropsychological tests and digital assessments using the Defense Automated Neurocognitive Assessment (DANA) smartphone protocol were included.

Using digital assessment technology to detect neuropsychological problems in primary care settings.

Introduction: Screening for neurocognitive impairment and psychological distress in ambulatory primary and specialty care medical settings is an increasing necessity. The Core Cognitive Evaluation™ (CCE) is administered/scored using an iPad, requires approximately 8 min, assesses 3- word free recall and clock drawing to command and copy, asks questions about lifestyle and health, and queries for psychological distress. This information is linked with patients' self- reported concerns about memory and their cardiovascular risks.

FaIRClocks: Fair and Interpretable Representation of the Clock Drawing Test for mitigating classifier bias against lower educational groups.

The clock drawing test (CDT) is a neuropsychological assessment tool to evaluate a patient's cognitive ability. In this study, we developed a ir and nterpretable epresentation of drawing tests () to evaluate and mitigate bias against people with lower education while predicting their cognitive status. We represented clock drawings with a 10-dimensional latent embedding using Relevance Factor Variational Autoencoder (RF-VAE) network pretrained on publicly available clock drawings from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) dataset.

Instrumental activities of daily living and mild cognitive impairment.

Background: Functional impairments are a necessary requirement for the diagnosis of a dementia along with observed cognitive impairment. Comparatively, functional abilities are often relatively intact in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Objective: The current research examined the associations between memory clinic participants classified as cognitively intact, amnestic MCI, and mixed/dysexecutive MCI, using Jak-Bondi criteria, and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living - Compensation Scale (IADL-C) abilities, an informant-based questionnaire that quantifies functional abilities.

Contributions of Cardiovascular Burden, Peripheral Inflammation, and Brain Integrity on Digital Clock Drawing Performance in Non-Demented Older Adults.

Background: Greater cardiovascular burden and peripheral inflammation are associated with dysexecutive neuropsychological profiles and a higher likelihood of conversion to vascular dementia. The digital clock drawing test (dCDT) is useful in identifying neuropsychological dysfunction related to vascular etiology. However, the specific cognitive implications of the combination of cardiovascular risk, peripheral inflammation, and brain integrity remain unknown.

Neurocognitive Operations Underlying Working Memory Abilities: An Analysis of Latency and Time-Based Parameters.

Background: The theory of executive attention (Fuster, 2015) suggests considerable plasticity regarding when specific neurocognitive operations are recruited to bring executive tasks to fruition.

Objective: We tested the hypothesis that differing neurocognitive operations are recruited upon the initiation of a response, but that other distinct neurocognitive operations are recruited towards the middle or end of a response.

Methods: The Backward Digit Span Test (BDST) was administered to 58 memory clinic patients (MCI, n = 22; no-MCI, n = 36).

Höffding step and beyond: The impact of visual sensory impairment on cognitive performance in neuropsychological testing of survivors of acute methanol poisoning.

Background: Sensory deficits can result in limitations regarding how well neuropsychological test findings can be interpreted. Only a few studies have investigated the influence of vision alteration on neuropsychological tests. In 2012 the Czech Republic experienced mass methanol poisoning.

Midlife Neuropsychological Profiles and Associated Vascular Risk: The Bogalusa Heart Study.

Background: Individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often present with coexisting vascular pathology that is expressed to different degrees and can lead to clinical heterogeneity.

Objective: To examine the utility of unsupervised statistical clustering approaches in identifying neuropsychological (NP) test performance subtypes that closely correlate with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in midlife.

Methods: A hierarchical agglomerative and k-means clustering analysis based on NP scores (standardized for age, sex, and race) was conducted among 1,203 participants (age 48±5.

Explainable semi-supervised deep learning shows that dementia is associated with small, avocado-shaped clocks with irregularly placed hands.

The clock drawing test is a simple and inexpensive method to screen for cognitive frailties, including dementia. In this study, we used the relevance factor variational autoencoder (RF-VAE), a deep generative neural network, to represent digitized clock drawings from multiple institutions using an optimal number of disentangled latent factors. The model identified unique constructional features of clock drawings in a completely unsupervised manner.

Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathology Using a Multi-Disease Diagnostic Platform Employing Autoantibodies as Blood-Based Biomarkers.

Background: Evidence for the universal presence of IgG autoantibodies in blood and their potential utility for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases has been extensively demonstrated by our laboratory. The fact that AD-related neuropathological changes in the brain can begin more than a decade before tell-tale symptoms emerge has made it difficult to develop diagnostic tests useful for detecting the earliest stages of AD pathogenesis.

Objective: To determine the utility of a panel of autoantibodies for detecting the presence of AD-related pathology along the early AD continuum, including at pre-symptomatic [an average of 4 years before the transition to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/AD)], prodromal AD (MCI), and mild-moderate AD stages.

The functional connectivity and neuropsychology underlying mental planning operations: data from the digital clock drawing test.

We examined the construct of mental planning by quantifying digital clock drawing digit placement accuracy in command and copy conditions, and by investigating its underlying neuropsychological correlates and functional connectivity. We hypothesized greater digit misplacement would associate with attention, abstract reasoning, and visuospatial function, as well as functional connectivity from a major source of acetylcholine throughout the brain: the basal nucleus of Meynert (BNM). Participants ( = 201) included non-demented older adults who completed all metrics within 24 h of one another.