A Typology of COVID-19 Data Gaps and Noise From Long-Term Care Facilities: Approximating the True Numbers.

Although there is agreement that COVID-19 has had devastating impacts in long-term care facilities (LTCFs), estimates of cases and deaths have varied widely with little attention to the causes of this variation. We developed a typology of data vulnerabilities and a strategy for approximating the true total of COVID-19 cases and deaths in LTCFs. Based on iterative qualitative consensus, we categorized LTCF reporting vulnerabilities and their potential impacts on accuracy.

COVID-19 Across the Landscape of Long-Term Care in Alameda County: Heterogeneity and Disparities.

Throughout the pandemic, public health and long-term care professionals in our urban California county have linked local and state COVID-19 data and performed observational exploratory analyses of the impacts among our diverse long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Case counts from LTCFs through March 2021 included 4309 (65%) in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), 1667 (25%) in residential care facilities for the elderly (RCFEs), and 273 (4%) in continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs). These cases led to 582 COVID-19 resident deaths and 12 staff deaths based on death certificates.

In vitro activity of tedizolid against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus lugdunensis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus from Europe and the United States.

Staphylococcus lugdunensis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus are unique among CoNS in that the former often causes aggressive disease, while the latter consistently exhibits high rates of multidrug resistance. We evaluated the in vitro susceptibility of contemporary (2012-2013) isolates from both pathogens to tedizolid and comparators, using standard methodology. Results were interpreted using CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints.

Short-Read Whole-Genome Sequencing for Laboratory-Based Surveillance of Bordetella pertussis.

is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes respiratory infections in humans. Ongoing molecular surveillance of acellular vaccine (aP) antigens is critical for understanding the interaction between evolutionary pressures, disease pathogenesis, and vaccine effectiveness. Methods currently used to characterize aP components are relatively labor-intensive and low throughput.

Prevalence of macrolide-lincosamide resistance and multidrug resistance phenotypes in streptococcal isolates causing infections in European hospitals: Evaluation of the in vitro activity of oritavancin and comparator agents.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of resistance to erythromycin alone (M) and to erythromycin and clindamycin (cMLS) as well as multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes (resistance to at least three classes of drugs) among clinical enterococci from European countries and adjacent geographic regions. The in vitro activity of oritavancin against these isolates was also evaluated. A total of 2569 streptococci collected from 12 European countries as well as Russia, Turkey and Israel were included.

Longitudinal (2001-14) analysis of enterococci and VRE causing invasive infections in European and US hospitals, including a contemporary (2010-13) analysis of oritavancin in vitro potency.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and in vitro susceptibility of enterococci and VRE among bloodstream infections in European and US hospitals over time.

Methods: Isolates recovered from the blood of infected patients in Europe (72 996) and the USA (67 725) between 2001 and 2014 were included in the prevalence analysis. A subset (2349) collected during 2011-13 was used for the in vitro activity analysis.

In Vitro Activity of Delafloxacin Tested against Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

Delafloxacin, an investigational anionic fluoroquinolone, is active against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, 200 Streptococcus pneumoniae (plus 30 levofloxacin-resistant isolates), 200 Haemophilus influenzae, and 100 Moraxella catarrhalis isolates selected primarily from the United States (2014) were tested against delafloxacin and comparator agents. Delafloxacin was the most potent agent tested.

Activities of Tedizolid and Linezolid Determined by the Reference Broth Microdilution Method against 3,032 Gram-Positive Bacterial Isolates Collected in Asia-Pacific, Eastern Europe, and Latin American Countries in 2014.

Tedizolid and linezolid in vitro activities against 3,032 Gram-positive pathogens collected in Asia-Pacific, Eastern European, and Latin American medical centers during 2014 were assessed. The isolates were tested for susceptibility by the current reference broth microdilution methods. Due to concern over the effect of MIC endpoint criteria on the results of testing the oxazolidinones tedizolid and linezolid, MIC endpoint values were read by two methods: (i) reading the MIC at the first well where the trailing began without regard for pinpoint trailing, according to CLSI M07-A10 and M100-S26 document instructions for reading linezolid (i.

In vitro spectrum of pexiganan activity; bactericidal action and resistance selection tested against pathogens with elevated MIC values to topical agents.

Pexiganan, in Phase 3 clinical development for topical use, exhibited bactericidal activity in vitro against Gram-positive and -negative isolates and was also shown to have a low potential for resistance development in broth serial passage experiments. Susceptibility studies were performed against bacterial isolates (110 total from 2004 to 2013; primarily from skin and soft tissue infections) selected for elevated MIC values (non-wildtype [WT] distributions) to bacitracin, polymyxin B, neomycin, mupirocin, retapamulin, fusidic acid, or gentamicin. A narrow range of pexiganan MIC values (4-32 μg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus was observed (MIC50 and MIC90 values, 16 μg/mL) with a pexiganan mode and MIC50 value for the subsets of isolates with non-WT MIC values to bacitracin and neomycin (n = 14), fusidic acid (n = 11), mupirocin (n = 12) and retapamulin (n = 11) at 16 μg/mL.

Tigecycline antimicrobial activity tested against clinical bacteria from Latin American medical centres: results from SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2011-2014).

Bacterial organisms (n = 13,494) were consecutively collected in 2011-2014 from 21 Latin American medical centres (11 nations). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution at a central laboratory. Tigecycline was very active against Gram-positive organisms, with MIC50/90 values of 0.

In vitro activity of dalbavancin against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci from patients with documented infections in Europe and surrounding regions (2011-2013).

The in vitro activity of dalbavancin was evaluated against 9303 Staphylococcus aureus and 2670 streptococci, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates, collected from hospitalised patients in Europe and surrounding regions from 2011 to 2013. Dalbavancin recently received approval for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency. Bacterial identification was confirmed by standard microbiological methods (including MALDI-TOF), and susceptibility testing was performed by reference broth microdilution methods.

In Vitro Activity of Lefamulin Tested against Streptococcus pneumoniae with Defined Serotypes, Including Multidrug-Resistant Isolates Causing Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in the United States.

Lefamulin was evaluated against various Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes that were collected from adults with lower respiratory tract infections. Lefamulin exhibited MIC50 and MIC90 values of 0.12 and 0.

Evolution of Ceftaroline-Resistant Mrsa in a Child with Cystic Fibrosis Following Repeated Antibiotic Exposure.

Ceftaroline is the first β-lactam antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We describe a ceftaroline-resistant MRSA strain, isolated from a girl with cystic fibrosis after 22 ceftaroline treatment courses. MRSA genome sequencing documented a Tyr446Asn alteration in penicillin binding protein 2 that appeared responsible for resistance.

Results from the Solithromycin International Surveillance Program (2014).

Solithromycin, a fourth-generation macrolide (a fluoroketolide with enhanced activity against macrolide-resistant bacteria due to interaction with three ribosomal sites) and the first fluoroketolide, was tested against a 2014 collection of 6,115 isolates, including Streptococcus pneumoniae (1,713 isolates), Haemophilus influenzae (1,308), Moraxella catarrhalis (577), Staphylococcus aureus (1,024), and beta-hemolytic streptococci (1,493), by reference broth microdilution methods. The geographic samples included 2,748 isolates from the United States, 2,536 from Europe, 386 from Latin America, and 445 from the Asia-Pacific region. Solithromycin was observed to be very active against S.

Activity of Fusidic Acid Tested against Staphylococci Isolated from Patients in U.S. Medical Centers in 2014.

Fusidic acid (FA) activity was evaluated against 2,002 clinical staphylococcal isolates collected in U.S. hospitals during 2014.

Oritavancin Activity Tested against Molecularly Characterized Staphylococci and Enterococci Displaying Elevated Linezolid MIC Results.

Oritavancin (MIC50/90, 0.03/0.06 to 0.

Antimicrobial Activity of Ceftaroline Tested against Staphylococcus aureus from Surgical Skin and Skin Structure Infections in US Medical Centers.

Background: Ceftaroline fosamil is a novel cephalosporin approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We evaluated the activity of ceftaroline and comparator agents tested against S. aureus isolated from surgical skin and skin structure infections (SSSI).

Antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline and comparator agents when tested against numerous species of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus causing infection in US hospitals.

A total of 1593 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) considered clinically significant were collected from 71 US medical centers in 2013-2014 and tested for susceptibility by CLSI broth microdilution methods. Species identification was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Overall, 59.

In vitro activity of ceftazidime/avibactam against Gram-negative pathogens isolated from pneumonia in hospitalised patients, including ventilated patients.

The activities of the novel β-lactam/non-β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor combination ceftazidime/avibactam and comparators were evaluated against isolates from pneumonia in hospitalised patients including ventilated patients (PHP, pneumonia not designated as VABP; VABP, pneumonia in ventilated patients). Isolates were from the European-Mediterranean region (EuM), China and the USA collected in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program between 2009 and 2011 inclusive. A total of 2393 organisms from PHP were from the EuM, 888 from China and 3213 from the USA; from VABP patients there were 918, 97 and 692 organisms collected, respectively.

Antimicrobial Activities of Ceftaroline and Comparator Agents against Bacterial Organisms Causing Bacteremia in Patients with Skin and Skin Structure Infections in U.S. Medical Centers, 2008 to 2014.

We evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility of 1,454 organisms consecutively collected from patients with bacteremia associated with skin and skin structure infections. The most common organisms obtained wereStaphylococcus aureus(670 organisms [46.1%]),Escherichia coli(200 organisms [13.

In Vitro Activity of Ceftazidime-Avibactam against Contemporary Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from U.S. Medical Centers by Census Region, 2014.

Thein vitroantibacterial activities of ceftazidime-avibactam and comparator agents were evaluated using reference broth microdilution methods against 1,743Pseudomonas aeruginosaisolates collected in 2014 from 69 U.S. medical centers, representing each of the nine census regions.

Ceftaroline activity tested against viridans group streptococci from US hospitals.

A total of 840 clinically relevant viridans group streptococci (VGS) isolates (1/patient episode) were collected from 71 US medical centers in 2013-2014. These organisms were tested for susceptibility by reference broth microdilution methods against ceftaroline and selected comparator agents. All isolates were speciated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and were primarily from skin/soft tissue (32.

In Vitro Activity of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam against Anaerobic Organisms Identified during the ASPECT-cIAI Study.

The in vitro activities of ceftolozane-tazobactam, meropenem, and metronidazole were determined against anaerobic organisms isolated from patients with complicated intraabdominal infections (cIAI) in global phase III studies. Ceftolozane-tazobactam activity was highly variable among different species of the Bacteroides fragilis group, with MIC90 values ranging from 2 to 64 μg/ml. More-potent in vitro activity was observed against selected Gram-positive anaerobic organisms; however, small numbers of isolates were available, and, therefore, the clinical significance of these results is unknown.

Performance of BD Max StaphSR for Screening of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates among a Contemporary and Diverse Collection from 146 Institutions Located in Nine U.S. Census Regions: Prevalence of mecA Dropout Mutants.

This study determined the performance of BD Max StaphSR and the rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with an unrecognized staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) right-extremity junction (MREJ) region among 907 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 900 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates.