Development and validation of a hybrid simulator for ultrasound-guided laparoscopic common bile duct exploration.

Background: Ultrasound-guided laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) is the surgical management of choledocholithiasis. The procedure presents significant benefits to patients but still fails to be generalised because of the complex set of skills it requires. A simulator for ultrasound-guided LCBDE would allow trainee surgeons as well as experienced surgeons who perform this surgery seldomly to practice and gain confidence.

Comparing terracotta and earthenware for multiple functionalities in microbial fuel cells.

The properties of earthenware and terracotta were investigated in terms of structural integrity and ion conductivity, in two microbial fuel cell (MFC) designs. Parameters such as wall thickness (4, 8, 18 mm), porosity and cathode hydration were analysed. During the early stages of operation (2 weeks), the more porous earthenware lost anolyte quickly and was unstable between feeding compared to terracotta.