Patient-Reported Financial Burden of Treatment for Colon or Rectal Cancer.

Importance: The longitudinal experience of patients is critical to the development of interventions to identify and reduce financial hardship.

Objective: To evaluate financial hardship over 12 months in patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer (CRC) undergoing curative-intent therapy.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This prospective, longitudinal cohort study was conducted between May 2018 and July 2020, with time points over 12 months.

Using Machine Learning to Evaluate Coal Geochemical Data with Respect to Dynamic Failures.

Dynamic failure events have occurred in the underground coal mining industry since its inception. Recent NIOSH research has identified geochemical markers that correlate with in situ reportable dynamic event occurrence, although the causes behind this correlative relationship remain unclear. In this study, NIOSH researchers conducted machine learning analysis to examine whether a model could be constructed to assess the probability of dynamic failure occurrence based on geochemical and petrographic data.

Semiempirical HSO-HO Cluster Standard Gibbs Reaction Energies from Nucleation Experiments: Improved Temperature Dependence.

The thermodynamics of sulfuric acid-water clusters is important for modeling new particle formation in the atmosphere. Particle number densities obtained at 296 K from a photolytic flow reactor are greatly overpredicted by the Sulfuric Acid Water Nucleation (SAWNUC) model. Empirical, temperature-dependent adjustments to the SAWNUC model allow for better agreement with the data obtained at 296 K, while maintaining reasonable agreement with the data of Hanson and Lovejoy at 242 K.

Particle Formation from Photooxidation of αpinene, Limonene, and Myrcene.

We present measurements of the effect of first-generation secondary organic aerosol (SOA) material on the growth of ∼10 nanometer diameter seed particles composed of sulfuric acid and water. Experiments were performed in an atmospheric pressure, vertically aligned flow reactor where OH was produced from HONO photolysis in the presence of either SO or a monoterpene. For typical conditions, organic compounds at ∼300 ppbv are exposed to photooxidation for a time of ∼80 s at a [OH] of about 6 × 10 cm: thus, oxidation products have minimal OH exposure.

Leaf microscopy applications in photosynthesis research: identifying the gaps.

Leaf imaging via microscopy has provided critical insights into research on photosynthesis at multiple junctures, from the early understanding of the role of stomata, through elucidating C4 photosynthesis via Kranz anatomy and chloroplast arrangement in single cells, to detailed explorations of diffusion pathways and light utilization gradients within leaves. In recent decades, the original two-dimensional (2D) explorations have begun to be visualized in three-dimensional (3D) space, revising our understanding of structure-function relationships between internal leaf anatomy and photosynthesis. In particular, advancing new technologies and analyses are providing fresh insight into the relationship between leaf cellular components and improving the ability to model net carbon fixation, water use efficiency, and metabolite turnover rate in leaves.

On the shape of cicada's wing leading-edge cross section.

An important role that the leading-edge cross-section shape plays in the wing flight performance is well known in aeronautics. However, little is known about the shape of the leading-edge cross section of an insect's wing and its contribution to remarkable qualities of insect flight. In this paper, we reveal, in the first time, the shape of the leading-edge cross section of a cicada's wing and analyze its variability along the wing.

Aerosol generation with various approaches to oxygenation in healthy volunteers in the emergency department.

Objectives: Health care workers experience an uncertain risk of aerosol exposure during patient oxygenation. To improve our understanding of these risks, we sought to measure aerosol production during various approaches to oxygenation in healthy volunteers in an emergency department.

Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in an empty patient room in an academic ED.

Contribution and consequences of xylem-transported CO assimilation for C plants.

Traditionally, leaves were thought to be supplied with CO for photosynthesis by the atmosphere and respiration. Recent studies, however, have shown that the xylem also transports a significant amount of inorganic carbon into leaves through the bulk flow of water. However, little is known about the dynamics and proportion of xylem-transported CO that is assimilated, vs simply lost to transpiration.

What is the fate of xylem-transported CO in Kranz-type C plants?

High concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon in stems of herbaceous and woody C plants exit leaves in the dark. In the light, C species use a small portion of xylem-transported CO for leaf photosynthesis. However, it is not known if xylem-transported CO will exit leaves in the dark or be used for photosynthesis in the light in Kranz-type C plants.

Using multirate rapid A/C curves as a tool to explore new questions in the photosynthetic physiology of plants.

Steady-state photosynthetic CO responses (A/C curves) are used to assess environmental responses of photosynthetic traits and to predict future vegetative carbon uptake through modeling. The recent development of rapid A/C curves (RACiRs) permits faster assessment of these traits by continuously changing [CO ] around the leaf, and may reveal additional photosynthetic properties beyond what is practical or possible with steady-state methods. Gas exchange necessarily incorporates photosynthesis and (photo)respiration.

Using the rapid A-C response (RACiR) in the Li-Cor 6400 to measure developmental gradients of photosynthetic capacity in poplar.

The rapid A-C response (RACiR) technique alleviates limitations of measuring photosynthetic capacity by reducing the time needed to determine the maximum carboxylation rate (V ) and electron transport rate (J ) in leaves. Photosynthetic capacity and its relationships with leaf development are important for understanding ecological and agricultural productivity; however, our current understanding is incomplete. Here, we show that RACiR can be used in previous generation gas exchange systems (i.

Unsaturation of vapour pressure inside leaves of two conifer species.

Stomatal conductance (g) impacts both photosynthesis and transpiration, and is therefore fundamental to the global carbon and water cycles, food production, and ecosystem services. Mathematical models provide the primary means of analysing this important leaf gas exchange parameter. A nearly universal assumption in such models is that the vapour pressure inside leaves (e) remains saturated under all conditions.

The bond rupture force for sulfur chains calculated from quantum chemistry simulations and its relevance to the tensile strength of vulcanized rubber.

From quantum chemistry simulations using density functional theory, we obtain the total electronic energy of an eight-atom sulfur chain as its end-to-end distance is extended until S-S bond rupture occurs. We find that a sulfur chain can be extended by about 40% beyond its nominally straight conformation, where it experiences rupture at an end-to-end tension of about 1.5 nN.

The Sphagnome Project: enabling ecological and evolutionary insights through a genus-level sequencing project.

Considerable progress has been made in ecological and evolutionary genetics with studies demonstrating how genes underlying plant and microbial traits can influence adaptation and even 'extend' to influence community structure and ecosystem level processes. Progress in this area is limited to model systems with deep genetic and genomic resources that often have negligible ecological impact or interest. Thus, important linkages between genetic adaptations and their consequences at organismal and ecological scales are often lacking.

Speciated Monitoring of Gas-Phase Organic Peroxy Radicals by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Cross-Reactions between CHO, CH(CO)O, (CH)CO, and c-CHO.

Organic peroxy radicals ("RO", with R organic) are key intermediates in most oxygen-rich systems, where organic compounds are oxidized (natural environment, flames, combustion engines, living organisms, etc). But, until recently, techniques able to monitor simultaneously and distinguish between RO species ("speciated" detection) have been scarce, which has limited the understanding of complex systems containing these radicals. Mass spectrometry using proton transfer ionization has been shown previously to detect individual gas-phase RO separately.

Inside out: efflux of carbon dioxide from leaves represents more than leaf metabolism.

High concentrations of inorganic carbon in the xylem, produced from root, stem, and branch respiration, travel via the transpiration stream and eventually exit the plant through distant tissues as CO2. Unlike previous studies that focused on the efflux of CO2 from roots and woody tissues, we focus on efflux from leaves and the potential effect on leaf respiration measurements. We labeled transported inorganic carbon, spanning reported xylem concentrations, with 13C and then manipulated transpiration rates in the dark in order to vary the rates of inorganic carbon supply to cut leaves from Brassica napus and Populus deltoides.

The rapid A-C response: photosynthesis in the phenomic era.

Phenotyping for photosynthetic gas exchange parameters is limiting our ability to select plants for enhanced photosynthetic carbon gain and to assess plant function in current and future natural environments. This is due, in part, to the time required to generate estimates of the maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylation (V ) and the maximal rate of electron transport (J ) from the response of photosynthesis (A) to the CO concentration inside leaf air spaces (C ). To relieve this bottleneck, we developed a method for rapid photosynthetic carbon assimilation CO responses [rapid A-C response (RACiR)] utilizing non-steady-state measurements of gas exchange.

Beyond Ecosystem Services: Valuing the Invaluable.

The ecosystem services framework (ESF) is advantageous and widely used for itemising and quantifying ways in which humans benefit from natural places. However, it suffers from two important problems: (i) incoherence of definitions and (ii) a narrow approach to valuation, inadequate to represent the full range of human motives for conservation and the diverse interests of different stakeholders. These shortcomings can lead to a range of problems including double-counting, blind spots and unintended consequences.

The carbon fertilization effect over a century of anthropogenic CO emissions: higher intracellular CO and more drought resistance among invasive and native grass species contrasts with increased water use efficiency for woody plants in the US Southwest.

From 1890 to 2015, anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions have increased atmospheric CO concentrations from 270 to 400 mol mol . The effect of increased carbon emissions on plant growth and reproduction has been the subject of study of free-air CO enrichment (FACE) experiments. These experiments have found (i) an increase in internal CO partial pressure (c ) alongside acclimation of photosynthetic capacity, (ii) variable decreases in stomatal conductance, and (iii) that increases in yield do not increase commensurate with CO concentrations.

Why small fluxes matter: the case and approaches for improving measurements of photosynthesis and (photo)respiration.

Since its inception, the Farquhar et al. (1980) model of photosynthesis has been a mainstay for relating biochemistry to environmental conditions from chloroplast to global levels in terrestrial plants. Many variables could be assigned from basic enzyme kinetics, but the model also required measurements of maximum rates of photosynthetic electron transport (J max ), carbon assimilation (Vcmax ), conductance of CO2 into (g s ) and through (g m ) the leaf, and the rate of respiration during the day (R d ).

Evolution of photorespiration from cyanobacteria to land plants, considering protein phylogenies and acquisition of carbon concentrating mechanisms.

Photorespiration and oxygenic photosynthesis are intimately linked processes. It has been shown that under the present day atmospheric conditions cyanobacteria and all eukaryotic phototrophs need functional photorespiration to grow autotrophically. The question arises as to when this essential partnership evolved, i.