Flat bread baking: Single to double layer transition.

Double-layered flat bread features an impressive oven rise and delamination during baking, leading to the formation of an internal pocket capable of holding various solid foods - a key quality criterion for consumers. These breads are unique in their baking method, which requires specialized ovens and high temperatures between 350 and 550 °C. Use of high baking temperatures to achieve the double layering development (called delamination) during baking has raised concerns over excessive energy consumption.

Multiphoton microscopy is a nondestructive label-free approach to investigate the 3D structure of gas cell walls in bread dough.

During the different steps of bread-making, changes in the microstructure of the dough, particularly in the gas cell walls (GCW), have a major influence on the final bread crumb texture. Investigation of the spatial conformation of GCWs is still a challenge because it requires both high resolutions and 3D depth imaging. The originality of the present work lies in the use of label-free non-destructive multiphoton microscopy (NLOM) to image the 3D structure of GCWs, shedding light on their behavior and organization in wheat bread dough.

Characterization of gluten-free bread crumb baked at atmospheric and reduced pressures using TD-NMR.

This research aimed to study the effects of using a partial vacuum for bread baking on macromolecules and water distribution in gluten-free bread. Bread baking under partial vacuum results in greater oven rise and a larger gas fraction in the crumb. Because water's boiling point decreases under reduced pressure, it was expected that its distribution within the dough and its interactions with the others dough's constituents (mainly starch) would differ from those in bread baked under atmospheric pressure.

Emergency Department Stay Associated Delirium in Older Patients.

Background: Caring for older patients can be challenging in the Emergency Department (ED). A > 12 hr ED stay could lead to incident episodes of delirium in those patients. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and impacts of ED-stay associated delirium.