The large pediatric scrotum: ultrasound technique and differential considerations.

Scrotal enlargement in the pediatric population is caused by a variety of pathologic processes including hydroceles, hernias, varicoceles, testicular torsion, testicular or paratesticular infection, trauma, or neoplasm; adrenal rests; or scrotal skin edema. The clinical presentation of scrotal enlargement is often nonspecific, and ultrasound plays a key role in making the correct diagnosis. In this pictorial review, we review the ultrasound protocol for performing scrotal ultrasound in pediatric patients and illustrate the ultrasound appearance of conditions resulting in scrotal enlargement.

Long- but not short-term adult-onset, isolated GH deficiency in male mice leads to deterioration of β-cell function, which cannot be accounted for by changes in β-cell mass.

Developmental models of GH deficiency (GHD) and excess indicate that GH is positively associated with β-cell mass. Therefore, the reduction in GH levels observed with age and weight gain may contribute to the age-related decline in β-cell function. To test this hypothesis, β-cell mass and function were assessed in a mouse model of adult-onset, isolated GHD (AOiGHD).