Neuroprotective and antiretroviral effects of the immunophilin ligand GPI 1046.

HIV infection results in a neurodegenerative disorder for which currently there is no effective therapy available. Currently, available antiretroviral therapy has no impact on the production of early regulatory HIV proteins once the virus is integrated. Of these proteins, Tat was shown to be toxic to neurons.

The immunophilin ligand GPI1046 protects neurons from the lethal effects of the HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Tat by modulating endoplasmic reticulum calcium load.

The dysfunction and death of neuronal cells is thought to underlie the cognitive manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurological disorders. Although HIV-infected patients are living longer owing to the effectiveness of anti-retroviral therapies, the number of patients developing neurological disorders is on the rise. Thus, there is an escalating need for effective therapies to preserve cognitive function in HIV-infected patients.

HIV-1 Tat-coated nanoparticles result in enhanced humoral immune responses and neutralizing antibodies compared to alum adjuvant.

HIV-1 Tat has been identified as an attractive target for vaccine development and is currently under investigation in clinical trials as both a therapeutic and preventative vaccine for HIV-1. It is well known that protein based vaccines produce poor immune responses by themselves and therefore require adjuvants to enhance immune responses. We have previously reported on the use of anionic nanoparticles (NPs) for enhancing cellular and humoral immune responses to Tat (1-72).

Selective isolation and purification of tat protein via affinity membrane separation.

This work deals with the separation of Tat protein from a complex fermentation broth using an affinity membrane system. Tat is a regulatory protein that is critical for HIV-1 replication and thus a potential candidate for vaccine and drug development. Furthermore, Tat can facilitate transport of exogenous molecules across cell membranes and is implicated in pathogenesis of HIV dementia.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat and methamphetamine affect the release and activation of matrix-degrading proteinases.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dementia (HIVD) is associated with an increase in the number of activated monocytes within the central nervous system (CNS), a pathological feature that may be more remarkable in the setting of superimposed substance abuse. Monocytes may transport HIV to the brain, and, moreover, activated and/or infected monocytes have been shown to release a number of potent neurotoxins. Although the mechanisms responsible for the increase in the CNS ingress of monocytes are multiple, blood-brain barrier (BBB)-degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are likely to play an important role.