Hydrothermal carbonization of Typha australis: Influence of stirring rate.

According to existing literature, there are no conclusive results on the impact of stirring on hydrothermal carbonization (HTC); some studies report a significant impact on the product's properties, while others indicate no influence. This study investigates the influence of stirring rate on several responses and properties of HTC products, including solid mass yield, solid carbon fraction, surface area, surface functional groups, morphology, and the fate of inorganic elements during HTC. Waste biomass was introduced as a feedstock to a 2 L HTC reactor, where the effects of temperature (180-250 °C), residence time (4-12 h), biomass to water (B/W) ratio (1-10%), and stirring rate (0-130 rpm) were investigated.