US Tobacco 21 Policies and Potential Mortality Reductions by State.

Importance: Research shows that Tobacco 21 (T21) policies with a minimum legal access age for tobacco products of 21 years reduce smoking, yet their impact varies across US states due to differences in smoking behaviors, mortality rates, and policy coverage.

Objective: To quantify potential reductions in smoking-attributable mortality associated with Tobacco 21 policies for each of the 50 states and Washington, DC.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The Cancer Intervention Surveillance and Modeling Network (CISNET) Tobacco Control Policy Model of smoking was used with detailed state-specific data on smoking initiation, smoking cessation and mortality rates as they vary by age, gender, and birth cohort for 50 US states and the District of Columbia.

Interaction Between State-Level Cigarette Prices and County-Level Tobacco 21 Coverage on Cigarette Smoking Outcomes Among US Adolescents.

Purpose: To examine whether Tobacco 21 (T21) law coverage moderated associations between cigarette prices and adolescent smoking and associated disparities.

Methods: We used nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional 2014-2020 Monitoring the Future study data (n = 20,547-96,083) to examine associations between state-level average cigarette price per pack and county-level T21 coverage (100% vs. < 100%) on past 30-day smoking participation, first and daily cigarette smoking initiation, and smoking intentions in US adolescents in eighth, 10th, and 12th grade.

Barriers to Healthcare and Social Service Utilization Among Rural Older Adults Who Use Drugs.

The objective of this study was to understand barriers to healthcare and social service utilization among older adults residing in rural areas who use drugs. A cross-sectional survey of persons who use opioids or inject drugs in rural counties with high overdose rates across ten states was conducted. For this analysis, participants were restricted to only the 375 individuals aged 50 and older.

Interventions to reduce self-stigma in people who use drugs: A systematic review.

Background: Substance use stigma is a key barrier to treatment and harm reduction engagement among people who use drugs (PWUD). Previous systematic reviews have focused on interventions to reduce stigma in healthcare providers and the public; less is known about interventions to address self-stigma among PWUD. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the evidence for substance use self-stigma reduction interventions.

"I would do anything but that": Attitudes towards sex work among rural people who use drugs.

Background: Stigma towards people who use drugs and those who engage in sex work is well-documented, leading to consequences such as reduced access to health services and support, especially in rural milieus. Stigma reduction has been recognized as a priority in the opioid overdose crisis, but little attention has been paid to within-group attitudes and beliefs. This study aimed to explore how people who use drugs in rural counties across the United States appraise sex work by themselves or other community members.

A Systematic Review Evaluating Disparities in State-Run Quitline Utilization and Effectiveness in the U.S.

Context: Cigarette smoking is a public health problem in the U.S. and is marked by pervasive sociodemographic disparities.

"I am not a junkie": Social categorization and differentiation among people who use drugs.

Background: Substance use stigma is a form of group-based exclusion, and delineating pathways from stigma to poor health requires a deeper understanding of the social dynamics of people who use drugs (PWUD). Outside of recovery, scant research has examined the role of social identity in addiction. Framed by Social Identity Theory/Self-Categorization Theory, this qualitative study investigated strategies of within-group categorization and differentiation among PWUD and the roles these social categories may play in shaping intragroup attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors.

The association between local tobacco retail licensing and adult cigarette smoking by race/ethnicity, income, and education in California (2012-2019).

This study investigates the association between the strength of TRL ordinances and adult cigarette use, and differences in the relationship by sociodemographic characteristics, using California as a case study. We merged geocoded data from the California Health Interview Survey with the State of Tobacco Control Reports from the American Lung Association from 2012 to 2019. Each jurisdiction was graded (A-strongest to F-weakest) based on the strength of their TRL ordinance while current cigarette use was defined as respondents who had smoked 100 or more cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoke cigarettes every day or some days.

Impact of the Tips From Former Smokers Anti-Smoking Media Campaign on Youth Smoking Behaviors and Anti-Tobacco Attitudes.

Introduction: Anti-tobacco media campaigns can prevent youth smoking, but there is little research on how adult-targeted campaigns affect youth. We investigated the association between the Tips From Former Smokers (Tips) campaign and youth smoking behaviors and anti-tobacco attitudes, and variation by sex, race and/or ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.

Aims And Methods: We used data from the monitoring of the future study, a nationally representative survey on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, from 2013-2015.

Tobacco 21 laws may reduce smoking and tobacco-related health disparities among youth in the U.S.

The goal of our study is to understand the impact of Tobacco 21 (T21) laws on youth smoking and health equity. We conducted modified Poisson regression models using 2014-2019 Monitoring the Future data to measure the impact of attending school in a county 100% covered by a T21 law versus counties with <100% T21 coverage on past 30-day smoking participation (n = 262,632), first cigarette smoking initiation (n = 189,698), and daily smoking initiation among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders (n = 214,496), separately. Additive interactions were tested between T21 coverage and sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, and college plans.

Examining Truth and State-Sponsored Media Campaigns as a Means of Decreasing Youth Smoking and Related Disparities in the United States.

Introduction: To analyze the impact of Truth and state-sponsored anti-tobacco media campaigns on youth smoking in the United States, and their potential to reduce tobacco-related health disparities.

Aims And Methods: Our study included data from the 2000-2015 Monitoring the Future study, an annual nationally representative survey of youth in 8th (n = 201 913), 10th (n = 194 468), and 12th grades (n = 178 379). Our primary exposure was Gross Rating Points (GRPs) of Truth or state-sponsored anti-tobacco advertisements, from Nielsen Media Research.

Smoke-Free Laws and Disparities in Youth Smoking in the U.S., 2001-2018.

Introduction: This study examines whether smoke-free laws are differentially associated with youth smoking outcomes by parental education, race/ethnicity, sex, and college plans in a U.S.

Methods: This study assessed the relationships between smoke-free laws in workplaces and hospitality venues (restaurants/bars) and past 30-day smoking participation, first cigarette initiation, and daily smoking initiation within a repeated cross-sectional sample of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders from the Monitoring the Future study.

Exploring How Exposure to Truth and State-Sponsored Anti-Tobacco Media Campaigns Affect Smoking Disparities among Young Adults Using a National Longitudinal Dataset, 2002-2017.

Background: Little is known regarding long-term impacts of anti-tobacco media campaigns on youth smoking and related disparities in the United States.

Methods: We examined longitudinal cohort data from Monitoring the Future (MTF) between 2000 and 2017 in modified Poisson regression models to understand the long-term impacts of televised Truth and state-sponsored ad campaign exposure at baseline (age 18) on first cigarette and daily smoking initiation 1 to 2 years later (at modal ages 19/20). We also used additive interactions to test for potential effect modification between campaign exposure and smoking outcomes by sex, race/ethnicity, and parental educational attainment.

The Association between Quitline Characteristics and Smoking Cessation by Educational Attainment, Income, Race/Ethnicity, and Sex.

Little research examines how tobacco quitlines affect disparities in smoking cessation in the United States. Our study utilized data from the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2018) (TUS-CPS) and state-level quitline data from the North American Quitline Consortium and National Quitline Data Warehouse. We ran multilevel logistic regression models assessing a state-run quitline's budget, reach, number of counseling sessions offered per caller, and hours of operation on 90-day smoking cessation.

Anti-Smoking Media Campaigns and Disparities in Smoking Cessation in the United States, 2001-2015.

Purpose: To evaluate sociodemographic differences in the relationship between state and national anti-smoking media campaigns and cessation behaviors among adult smokers in the U.S.

Design: Repeated cross-sectional analysis.

Area-Level Predictors of Tobacco 21 Coverage in the U.S. Before the National Law: Exploring Potential Disparities.

Introduction: The goal of the paper is to characterize the geographic and sociodemographic patterns of policies prohibiting tobacco sales to people aged <21 years (i.e., Tobacco 21) at the local, county, and state levels in the U.

Perceived racial discrimination and polysubstance use among African American and Afro-Caribbean adults: Results from the National Survey of American Life.

This study examined the relationship between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) and patterns of substance use. Data come from the 2001-2003 National Survey of American Life ( = 3,589). PRD was derived from the Major Experiences of Discrimination Scale.