Drinking games among university students in five countries: Participation rates, game type, contexts, and motives to play.

Most published studies, regarding students' participation in drinking games (DGs), originate from the United States of America (USA). This study extends research to the United Kingdom (UK) and countries of mainland Europe. University students from five countries completed an anonymous online questionnaire which included measures of the frequency of DG participation, along with types, contexts and motives for participation.

Using a direct current (DC) glow discharge electrode as a non-invasive impedance probe for measuring electron density.

A small RF signal is applied to the anode of a low pressure ( ≤ 200 mTorr), low temperature ( ≤ 3 eV) direct current (DC) glow discharge operating at an electron density of ∼ 10 cm. The discharge is modeled as a collection of capacitive, resistive, and inductive circuit elements that have resonances at particular frequencies, much like an RLC circuit. The location of these resonances in frequency space provides information about the plasma parameters.

Self-reported Perceptions of Weight and Eating Behavior of School Children in Sunderland, England.

The main aim of this study was to determine the self-reported perceptions of weight and eating behaviors of school-age children in Sunderland in the North East of England. The results presented are derived from data collected by a Health-Related Behaviour Survey developed by Schools and Students Health Education Unit at Exeter University, and this study is based on analysis of the data set collected for Sunderland. A total of 12,213 pupils from nine secondary schools completed the questionnaire biennially from 1996 to 2012.

Assessment of Cardiac Troponin I Responses in Nonhuman Primates during Restraint, Blood Collection, and Dosing in Preclinical Safety Studies.

Limited information has been published on the use of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) as a biomarker of cardiac injury in monkeys. The purpose of these studies was to characterize the cTnI response seen in cynomolgus macaques during routine dosing and blood collection procedures typically used in preclinical safety studies and to better understand the pathogenesis of this response. We measured cTnI using two different methods, the Siemens Immulite cTnI assay and the more sensitive Siemens Troponin I-Ultra assay.

Novel and efficient copper-catalysed synthesis of nitrogen-linked medium-ring biaryls.

Herein, a new copper-catalysed strategy for the synthesis of rare nitrogen-linked seven-, eight- and nine-membered biaryl ring systems is described. It is proposed that the reaction proceeds through a highly activated intramolecularly co-ordinated copper catalyst. The process is technically simple, proceeds under relatively mild conditions, displays a broad substrate scope and forms biologically valuable products that are difficult to synthesise by other methods.

Diversity-oriented synthesis of disubstituted alkenes using masked silanols.

The regio- and stereoselective synthesis and subsequent Hiyama cross coupling of pentafluorophenyldimethylvinylsilanes has been developed, thus providing a convenient and robust method for the diversity-oriented synthesis of (E)-, (Z)- and alpha-disubstituted alkenes from terminal alkynes. Pentafluorophenyldimethylvinylsilanes undergo cross-coupling reactions with excellent selectivity and in good yields, offering an attractive alternative to existing masked silanols.

Impact of enhanced geothermal systems on US energy supply in the twenty-first century.

Recent national focus on the value of increasing US supplies of indigenous renewable energy underscores the need for re-evaluating all alternatives, particularly those that are large and well distributed nationally. A panel was assembled in September 2005 to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of geothermal becoming a major supplier of primary energy for US base-load generation capacity by 2050. Primary energy produced from both conventional hydrothermal and enhanced (or engineered) geothermal systems (EGS) was considered on a national scale.

Copper catalyzed oxidation of organozinc halides.

A wide range of organozinc substrates may be oxidized in the presence of catalytic copper to give carbon-carbon bonds in high yield.

Mechanism and implications of brown adipose tissue proliferation in rats and monkeys treated with the thiazolidinedione darglitazone, a potent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist.

Thiazolidinediones represent an established class of insulin sensitizing agents for treating noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Darglitazone, a thiazolidinedione approximately 200x more potent than ciglitazone, was evaluated in preclinical safety assessment studies using rats (1, 5, and 50 mg/kg/day) and cynomolgus monkeys (50, 75, and 100 mg/kg/day). Darglitazone was a potent adipogenic agent in rats, causing hyperplastic/hypertrophic changes and firmness of white and perirenal, dorsal thoracic (TBAT), and interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT).