A new troglomorphic species of (Pseudoscorpiones, Larcidae) from Colorado.

A new species of is described from dry habitats in a cave in central Colorado. Like other cave-dwelling species of , the new species , shows relatively modest morphological adaptations, such as pale colouration and slightly elongated appendages, compared with their epigean counterparts. This species is the sixth cave-dwelling species of described from North America and, like other cave-dwelling in North America and Europe, tends to be distributed in more southerly regions.

Cave millipedes of the United States. XIII. A new, troglobiotic species of Austrotyla from Colorado (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Conotylidae).

Austrotyla stephensoni n. sp., from Colorado, is described as the first troglobiotic species of its genus, and compared to sympatric Austrotyla coloradensis (Chamberlin 1910).

Repeated and time-correlated morphological convergence in cave-dwelling harvestmen (Opiliones, Laniatores) from Montane Western North America.

Background: Many cave-dwelling animal species display similar morphologies (troglomorphism) that have evolved convergent within and among lineages under the similar selective pressures imposed by cave habitats. Here we study such ecomorphological evolution in cave-dwelling Sclerobuninae harvestmen (Opiliones) from the western United States, providing general insights into morphological homoplasy, rates of morphological change, and the temporal context of cave evolution.

Methodology/principal Findings: We gathered DNA sequence data from three independent gene regions, and combined these data with Bayesian hypothesis testing, morphometrics analysis, study of penis morphology, and relaxed molecular clock analyses.