Comparative Assessment of Otolaryngology Knowledge Among Large Language Models.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of advanced large language models from OpenAI (GPT-3.5 and GPT-4), Google (PaLM2 and MedPaLM), and an open source model from Meta (Llama3:70b) in answering clinical test multiple choice questions in the field of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.

Methods: A dataset of 4566 otolaryngology questions was used; each model was provided a standardized prompt followed by a question.

Synergistic Anticancer Activity of Plumbagin and Xanthohumol Combination on Pancreatic Cancer Models.

Among diverse cancers, pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive types due to inadequate diagnostic options and treatments available. Therefore, there is a necessity to use combination chemotherapy options to overcome the chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer cells. Plumbagin and xanthohumol, natural compounds isolated from the Plumbaginaceae family and respectively, have been used to treat various cancers.

Evolutionary transition of dental formula in Late Cretaceous eutherian mammals.

Kulbeckia kulbecke, stem placental mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan, shows a transitional stage of evolution in the dental formula from five to four premolars. A non-replaced dP3/dp3 may occur as individual variation. In other specimens, the lower premolars are crowded with no space for development of dp3.

Reimplantation with a conventional length electrode following residual hearing loss in four hybrid implant recipients.

Hypothesis: Revision surgery using a newer-generation conventional length cochlear implant electrode will provide improved speech perception in patients that initially underwent hybrid electrode implantation and experienced post-operative loss of residual hearing and performance deterioration.

Clinical Presentation: We present four patients who experienced delayed post-operative hearing loss following implantation with the Nucleus Hybrid S8 device and underwent reimplantation with the Nucleus Freedom or Nucleus 5 device using the Contour Advance array. Pure-tone thresholds and speech perception data were retrospectively reviewed.

Glabellar flaps in nasal reconstruction.

Reconstruction of nasal defects presents a particularly unique challenge for the surgeon. Complex aesthetic subunits and limited available adjacent mobile skin with varying color, texture, and thickness all contribute to this task. The ideal reconstruction of nasal defects recruits tissue of similar color, texture, and thickness to that of the defect.

Conversion disorder: a missed diagnosis leading to cochlear reimplantation.

Objective: To report a case of a patient presenting with presumed cochlear implant (CI) device failure that underwent revision surgery and was ultimately diagnosed with conversion disorder.

Study Design: Clinical capsule report.

Setting: Tertiary academic referral center.

B7-H1 expression in vestibular schwannomas.

Hypothesis: B7-H1 is expressed in vestibular schwannomas.

Background: Little is known about how benign human vestibular schwannomas interact with antibody-mediated or cell-mediated immunity. We report on the aberrant expression of a novel T-cell coregulatory molecule, B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1), in vestibular schwannomas and discuss the implications of B7-H1 expression and tumor aggressiveness and a potential regulator of B7-H1 expression.

Under the microscope: assessing surgical aptitude of otolaryngology residency applicants.

Objectives/hypothesis: Application to otolaryngology residency is a highly competitive process. Programs identify the best candidates by evaluating academic performance in medical school, board scores, research experience, performance during an interview, and letters of recommendation. Unfortunately, none of these metrics completely assess an applicant's capacity to learn and perform surgical skills.

Pitfalls of nonstandardized photography.

Accurate, consistent, high-quality photographs of patients before, during, and after surgery are critical for planning and performing surgical procedures, analyzing and documenting surgical outcomes, and educating patients and surgeons. Attaining the necessary high standards of photography and avoiding common pitfalls associated with nonstandardized medical photography requires stringent uniformity in equipment, lighting, room setup, patient positioning, and camera settings.

Prevalence and timing of individual cochlear implant electrode failures.

Objective: To identify the prevalence of individual electrode failures as a result of open and short circuits in the Nucleus N24 and Freedom series and the Advanced Bionics CII and HR90k (Helix and 1J) devices.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Tertiary referral center.

Kikuchi-fujimoto disease in a 30-year-old caucasian female.

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease is a rare, self-limited, histiocytic, necrotizing lymphadenitis first described in Japan in 1972. Necrosis of lymph node tissue is caused by apoptosis and may be virally induced. It commonly presents with cervical lymphadenitis and fever.

Surgical management of dysphagia and airway obstruction in patients with prominent ventral cervical osteophytes.

Large projecting ventral cervical osteophytes are associated with senile degenerative skeletal disease, post-traumatic osteophytogenesis, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). The vast majority of patients with cervical osteophytes are asymptomatic. However, in a small subset this condition may lead to upper aerodigestive compromise manifesting as dysphagia and/or airway obstruction.

Edward Hitchcock's pre-Darwinian (1840) "tree of life".

The "tree of life" iconography, representing the history of life, dates from at least the latter half of the 18th century, but evolution as the mechanism providing this bifurcating history of life did not appear until the early 19th century. There was also a shift from the straight line, scala naturae view of change in nature to a more bifurcating or tree-like view. Throughout the 19th century authors presented tree-like diagrams, some regarding the Deity as the mechanism of change while others argued for evolution.

The impact of gross anatomy on the future head and neck surgeon.

Gross anatomy is not only a rite of passage for medical students as they enter the world of practicing medicine but may also be an unrecognized fork in the road in their pursuit of choosing a medical specialty. Otolaryngology: head and neck surgery tends to be poorly represented in medical school curriculum, often only offered as an elective rotation. However, head and neck anatomy remains a constant in most medical schools, granting some exposure to otolaryngology whether students realize it or not.

Timing and biogeography of the eutherian radiation: fossils and molecules compared.

Theria includes Eutheria and its sister taxon Metatheria. Placentalia includes extant eutherians plus their most recent common ancestor. The oldest eutherian is from 125mya (million years ago).

A comparison of remifentanil and fentanyl for fast track paediatric cardiac anaesthesia.

Background: Fast track anaesthetic protocols for cardiac surgical patients have been developed to facilitate early tracheal extubation. We compared anaesthetics based on either remifentanil or fentanyl for fast track paediatric cardiac anaesthesia.

Methods: Fifty patients with atrial septal defect or simple ventricular septal defect who were deemed suitable for fast track anaesthetic management were randomly assigned to group R (remifentanil) or group F (fentanyl).