Public responses to foreign protectionism: Evidence from the US-China trade war.

Unlabelled: America's recent turn towards protectionism has raised concerns over the future viability of the liberal international trading system. This study examines how and why public attitudes towards international trade change when one's country is targeted by protectionist measures from abroad. To address this question, we fielded three original survey experiments in the country most affected by US protectionism: China.

Age-Dependent Subchondral Bone Remodeling and Cartilage Repair in a Minipig Defect Model.

After cartilage injury and repair, the subchondral bone plate remodels. Skeletal maturity likely impacts both bone remodeling and inherent cartilage repair capacity. The objective of this study was to evaluate subchondral bone remodeling as a function of injury type, repair scenario, and skeletal maturity in a Yucatan minipig model.

The origin of scientific neurology and its consequences for modern and future neuroscience.

John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911) created a science of brain function that, in scope and profundity, is among the great scientific discoveries of the 19th century. It is interesting that the magnitude of his achievement is not completely recognized even among his ardent admirers. Although thousands of practitioners around the world use the clinical applications of his science every day, the principles from which bedside neurology is derived have broader consequences-for modern and future science-that remain unrecognized and unexploited.

Hughlings Jackson's neurological ideas.

Hughlings Jackson's neurological ideas are scientifically valid and practically useful. He began by emphasizing the focal lesion as the key to analysing patients' symptoms. He proclaimed that 'Epilepsy is the name for occasional, sudden, excessive, rapid, and local discharge of grey matter.

Cerebral localization in the nineteenth century--the birth of a science and its modern consequences.

Although many individuals contributed to the development of the science of cerebral localization, its conceptual framework is the work of a single man--John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911), a Victorian physician practicing in London. Hughlings Jackson's formulation of a neurological science consisted of an axiomatic basis, an experimental methodology, and a clinical neurophysiology. His axiom--that the brain is an exclusively sensorimotor machine--separated neurology from psychiatry and established a rigorous and sophisticated structure for the brain and mind.

Chapter 3: neurology in ancient Egypt.

Neurology, in the modern sense, did not exist in ancient Egypt, where medicine was a compound of natural, magical and religious elements, with different practitioners for each form of healing. Nevertheless, Egyptian doctors made careful observations of illness and injury, some of which involved the nervous system. Modern scholars have three sources of information about Egyptian medicine: papyri, inscriptions, and mummified remains.

Hughlings Jackson's suggestion for the treatment of epilepsy.

John Hughlings Jackson articulated a neurologic method of systematically evaluating the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of every patient with neurologic disease. He used this mode of analysis to develop a theory of the physiology of epilepsy. We examined an example of his method in a newly discovered, unpublished manuscript containing his suggestions for the treatment of epilepsy based on his physiologic ideas.

Commentary. The diseases of Alexander the Great.

The accompanying articles that speculate that Alexander the Great had a traumatic carotid dissection or congenital cervical scoliosis demonstrate the difficulties in retrospective diagnosis as a historical enterprise. The extant primary sources were written centuries after Alexander's death and are ambiguous in their original languages, and even more so in translation. Thus we cannot be certain what illness Alexander actually had.

Scientific neurology and the history of the clinical examination of selected motor cranial nerves.

The content of the neurological examination of the motor cranial nerves is a reflection of the current understanding of the neuroanatomy and clinical neurophysiology of the brain stem. The history of the neuroanatomy of the cranial nerves extends from Galen's investigations c. 200 CE to the determination of the innervations of the facial nerve by Charles Bell in the early 19th century.

Limits of historical and scientific knowledge.

The purpose of this paper is to suggest that subtle and essential uncertainties in language determine the limits of science and history, and thereby define the boundaries of research in the history of science. Historical research, in the strict sense of history as opposed to prehistory, begins with the examination of written records. There is a host of problems in the interpretation of the historical record, but underlying all of these is the simply stated yet complex question of the meaning of words in historical documents.