Disparities and Trends in Migraine Management in Pediatric Emergency Departments, 2009-19.

Objective: To assess the variation in migraine management over time across US children's hospitals and to identify factors associated with disparities in management.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 32 hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System from 2009 to 2019. We included children 7 to 21 years old with primary ICD-9 or ICD-10 diagnosis codes for migraine headache.

The effect of a structured ECPR protocol aided by specific simulation training in a quaternary ECMO centre: A retrospective pre-post study.

Background: There is limited literature exploring the relationship between simulation training and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) outcomes. We examined whether there was an association between the implementation of an in situ simulation training program and ECPR utilisation, time to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and neurologically intact survival.

Methods: In this retrospective pre-post study of in-hospital cardiac arrests (IHCA) and out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA), we analysed data for all patients recorded as receiving ECPR from September 2009 to December 2020 at our institution, relative to the implementation of an in situ ECPR simulation training program and a standardised procedure for high-quality ECPR.

Guidelines for Diagnosing and Quantifying Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.

This paper makes recommendations for the diagnosis and quantification of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in a medico-legal context. A distinction is made between NIHL produced by: steady broadband noise, as occurs in some factories; more impulsive factory sounds, such as hammering; noise exposure during military service, which can involve very high peak sound levels; and exposure to very intense tones. It is argued that existing diagnostic methods, which were primarily developed to deal with NIHL produced by steady broadband noise, are not adequate for the diagnosis of NIHL produced by different types of exposures.

Does Exposure to Noise During Military Service Affect the Progression of Hearing Loss with Increasing Age?

It is traditionally believed that the effects of exposure to noise cease once the exposure itself has ceased. If this is the case, exposure to noise relatively early in life, for example during military service, should not affect the subsequent progression of hearing loss. However, recent data from studies using animals suggest that noise exposure can accelerate the subsequent progression of hearing loss.

Audiometric assessment of hearing loss sustained during military service.

An analysis is presented of the audiograms, obtained using Telephonics TDH39 headphones (Huntington, NY), of 80 men claiming compensation for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) sustained during military service. A comparison with an independent database of audiograms collected using other headphones suggested that no adjustment was needed to the hearing threshold levels (HTLs) at 6 kHz to allow for the use of TDH39 headphones. The method of Moore [(2020).

Prospective observational study of mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and early reperfusion for refractory cardiac arrest in Sydney: the 2CHEER study.

Background: Patients with prolonged cardiac arrest that is not responsive to conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation have poor outcomes. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in refractory cardiac arrest has shown promising results in carefully selected cases. We sought to validate the results from an earlier extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) study (the CHEER trial).

Nonlinear Evolution of the AdS_{4} Superradiant Instability.

The superradiant instability of rotating black holes with negative cosmological constant is studied by numerically solving the full (3+1)-dimensional Einstein equations. We find evidence for an epoch dominated by a solution with a single helical Killing vector and a multistage process with distinct superradiant instabilities.

Performance of Emergency Medical Service Providers in Pediatric and Adult Simulation of Unstable Supraventricular Tachycardia.

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare emergency medical service resuscitation of pediatric and adult high-fidelity manikins in unstable supraventricular tachycardia. The primary objective was time to cardioversion. The secondary objective was to assess if the cardioversion was synchronized at the correct dosage for the manikin's weight.

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for refractory cardiac arrest: A multicentre experience.

Aim: To describe the ECPR experience of two Australian ECMO centres, with regards to survival and neurological outcome, their predictors and complications.

Methods: Retrospective observational study of prospectively collected data on all patients who underwent extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) at two academic ECMO referral centres in Sydney, Australia.

Measurements And Main Results: Thirty-seven patients underwent ECPR, 25 (68%) were for in-hospital cardiac arrests.

Eltoprazine counteracts l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: a dose-finding study.

In advanced stages of Parkinson's disease, serotonergic terminals take up L-DOPA and convert it to dopamine. Abnormally released dopamine may participate in the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Simultaneous activation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors effectively blocks L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in animal models of dopamine depletion, justifying a clinical study with eltoprazine, a 5-HT1A/B receptor agonist, against L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson's disease.

A randomized, placebo-controlled study investigating the nicotinic α7 agonist, RG3487, for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

Effective treatments for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS) remain an unmet need. Nicotinic α7 receptor agonists may be effective in CIAS. This 8-week (week 1, inpatient; weeks 2-8, outpatient), double-blind, randomized study used Measurement And Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) guidelines to investigate the nicotinic α7 partial agonist RG3487 (formerly MEM3454) in CIAS; 215 patients with chronic stable schizophrenia received placebo or RG3487 (5, 15, or 50 mg) added to ongoing treatment with risperidone, paliperidone, or aripiprazole.

NAAG peptidase inhibitor improves motor function and reduces cognitive dysfunction in a model of TBI with secondary hypoxia.

Immediately following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and TBI with hypoxia, there is a rapid and pathophysiological increase in extracellular glutamate, subsequent neuronal damage and ultimately diminished motor and cognitive function. N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamate (NAAG), a prevalent neuropeptide in the CNS, is co-released with glutamate, binds to the presynaptic group II metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 (mGluR3) and suppresses glutamate release. However, the catalytic enzyme glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) rapidly hydrolyzes NAAG into NAA and glutamate.

Predictors of parent satisfaction in pediatric laceration repair.

Objectives: Patient and parent satisfaction are important measures of quality of care. Data are lacking regarding satisfaction with emergency procedures, including laceration repair. The objective was to define the elements of care that are important to parents during a pediatric laceration repair and to determine the predictors of excellent parent satisfaction.

NAAG peptidase inhibitor reduces cellular damage in a model of TBI with secondary hypoxia.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to a rapid and excessive glutamate elevation in the extracellular milieu, resulting in neuronal degeneration and astrocyte damage. Posttraumatic hypoxia is a clinically relevant secondary insult that increases the magnitude and duration of glutamate release following TBI. N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamate (NAAG), a prevalent neuropeptide in the CNS, suppresses presynaptic glutamate release by its action at the mGluR3 (a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor).

Chemistry and behavioral studies identify chiral cyclopropanes as selective α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonists exhibiting an antidepressant profile.

Despite their discovery in the early 20th century and intensive study over the last 20 years, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are still far from being well understood. Only a few chemical entities targeting nAChRs are currently undergoing clinical trials, and even fewer have reached the marketplace. In our efforts to discover novel and truly selective nAChR ligands, we designed and synthesized a series of chiral cyclopropane-containing α4β2-specific ligands that display low nanomolar binding affinities and excellent subtype selectivity while acting as partial agonists at α4β2-nAChRs.

Post-injury administration of NAAG peptidase inhibitor prodrug, PGI-02776, in experimental TBI.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to a rapid and excessive increase in glutamate concentration in the extracellular milieu, which is strongly associated with excitotoxicity and neuronal degeneration. N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), a prevalent peptide neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system, is released along with glutamate and suppresses glutamate release by actions at pre-synaptic metabotropic glutamate autoreceptors. Extracellular NAAG is hydrolyzed to N-acetylaspartate and glutamate by peptidase activity.

RG3487, a novel nicotinic α7 receptor partial agonist, improves cognition and sensorimotor gating in rodents.

Neuronal nicotinic α7 acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) are expressed primarily in the brain and are implicated in modulating many cognitive functions (e.g., attention, working and episodic memory).

Therapeutics for cognitive aging.

This review summarizes the scientific talks presented at the conference "Therapeutics for Cognitive Aging," hosted by the New York Academy of Sciences and the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation on May 15, 2009. Attended by scientists from industry and academia, as well as by a number of lay people-approximately 200 in all-the conference specifically tackled the many aspects of developing therapeutic interventions for cognitive impairment. Discussion also focused on how to define cognitive aging and whether it should be considered a treatable, tractable disease.

Effect of R3487/MEM3454, a novel nicotinic alpha7 receptor partial agonist and 5-HT3 antagonist on sustained attention in rats.

It is well established that nicotinic systems in the brain are critically involved in attentional processes in both animals and humans. The current study assessed the effects of a novel nicotinic alpha7 receptor partial agonist and 5-HT3 antagonist, R3487/MEM3454 (also referred to as R3487 or MEM 3454) on sustained attention in rats performing an operant visual signal detection task. The effects of R3487/MEM3454 were compared to those of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor/nicotinic alpha7 allosteric positive modulator galanthamine.

The origin of bronchial foreign bodies: a retrospective study and literature review.

Nasal foreign bodies are managed as an emergency for the risk of aspiration, yet it is not clear what proportion of bronchial foreign bodies actually originate in the nose. The aim of this study was to identify the origin of bronchial foreign bodies and estimate the risk of a nasal foreign body becoming impacted in the bronchial tree. We present a retrospective study of suspected bronchial foreign body cases at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, UK, who underwent a bronchoscopy between 2002 and 2007.

Effects of cannabinoid receptor ligands on psychosis-relevant behavior models in the rat.

Rationale: Marijuana is known to have psychotropic effects in humans. In this study, we used rat models of sensorimotor gating, hyperactivity and stereotypy to explore whether CB(1) receptor stimulation or blockade induces behavioral changes consistent with psychotomimetic or antipsychotic agents, respectively.

Objectives: We determined whether (a) the cannabinoid agonist CP 55940 decreased pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) as might be expected from a psychotomimetic agent, and (b) the selective CB(1) receptor antagonist, SR 141716A, had any effect on PPI on its own or following disruptions by psychotomimetic agents.