Breathing modulates network activity in frontal brain regions during anxiety.

Anxiety elicits various physiological responses, including changes in respiratory rate and neuronal activity within specific brain regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Previous research suggests that the olfactory bulb (OB) modulates the mPFC through respiration-coupled neuronal oscillations (RCOs), which have been linked to fear-related freezing behavior. Nevertheless, the impact of breathing on frontal brain networks during other negative emotional responses, such as anxiety-related states characterized by higher breathing rates, remains unclear.

Rats recognize spatial and temporal attributes in a new object recognition memory task with multiple trials.

Background: Episodic-like memory tasks based on the spontaneous exploration of objects are commonly applied in one-trial protocols. However, multiple-trial designs are known to reduce animal numbers and data variance, providing faster accumulation of data.

New Method: In this study, we devised a new object recognition memory task for rats that carry out multiple trials per session.

CA1 inactivation impairs episodic-like memory in rats.

Episodic memory was initially believed to be unique to humans. However, studies demonstrate that nonhuman species discriminate items based on the triad what, where and when. Here we addressed the role of the dorsal hippocampal subfield CA1 in an integrative what-where-when task in Wistar rats.