Dietary inclusion of protease producing novel Pontibacter spp. and Bacillus megaterium as a probiotic enhances immune responses in Labeo rohita.

Abstract: This study stresses the key role which can be played by Tannery Fleshing (TF) hydrolyzing probiotic Pontibacter spp. in aqua feed formulation and identifies the probiotic strains in the fish gut capable of enhancing the overall growth and immune responses. Probiotics included are Pontibacter species (Pb) and Bacillus megaterium (BM) wherein Lactobacillus (LB) served as control.

Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1) is expressed in human neutrophils and mediates cAMP-dependent activation of the monomeric GTPase Rap1.

Epac1 and Epac2 bind cAMP and mediate cAMP-dependent activation of Rap1. cAMP is produced in neutrophils in response to many chemoattractants. This second messenger plays a key role in the regulation of the functions of neutrophils.