The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists in enhancing endothelial function: a potential avenue for improving heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a prevalent and complex condition with limited effective treatments. Endothelial dysfunction is a significant component of HFpEF pathophysiology, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have shown potential benefits in improving endothelial function. This study aims to explore the relationship between endothelial dysfunction in HFpEF and the mechanisms of action of GLP-1R agonists, highlighting their potential therapeutic benefits.

The effect of the four pharmacological pillars of heart failure on haemoglobin level.

Anaemia, a condition characterized by low levels of haemoglobin, is frequently observed in patients with heart failure (HF). Guideline-directed medical therapy improves HF outcomes by using medications like beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers, along with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. In this study, we aimed to review the pathophysiology of anaemia in patients with HF and present the current evidence regarding the relationship between the main recommended medications for these patients and haemoglobin levels.