Patient barriers and facilitators for making environmental and behavioral modifications for dry eye in the United States.

Background: Managing dry eye disease (DED) is expensive. Often, prescribed treatments improve clinical signs but not patient-reported symptoms. In large surveys, clinicians and patients ranked environmental and behavioral modifications among the most important DED-related research priorities.

Prevalence of dry eye and Meibomian gland dysfunction in Central and South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Dry eye is one of the most common ophthalmic conditions and can significantly impact quality of life. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a major cause of evaporative dry eye. We sought to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence and incidence of dry eye and MGD in Central and South America and to identify factors associated with disease burden.

Prolonged facemask wearing among hospital workers and dry eye - a mixed-methods study.

Background: Prolonged facemask wearing may have negatively affected essential workers with dry eye. We conducted a mixed-methods study to examine and understand the associations of the ocular surface, periocular environment, and dry eye-related symptoms among hospital workers across the job spectrum with prolonged facemask use.

Methods: We recruited clinical and non-clinical hospital workers with self-reported symptoms of dry eye and prolonged facemask use.

TFOS Lifestyle Report: Impact of environmental conditions on the ocular surface.

Environmental risk factors that have an impact on the ocular surface were reviewed and associations with age and sex, race/ethnicity, geographical area, seasonality, prevalence and possible interactions between risk factors are reviewed. Environmental factors can be (a) climate-related: temperature, humidity, wind speed, altitude, dew point, ultraviolet light, and allergen or (b) outdoor and indoor pollution: gases, particulate matter, and other sources of airborne pollutants. Temperature affects ocular surface homeostasis directly and indirectly, precipitating ocular surface diseases and/or symptoms, including trachoma.

Prevalence and Incidence of Dry Eye and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: Dry eye is a common clinical manifestation, a leading cause of eye clinic visits, and a significant societal and personal economic burden in the United States. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a major cause of evaporative dry eye.

Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to obtain updated estimates of the prevalence and incidence of dry eye and MGD in the United States.

Topical corticosteroids for dry eye.

Background: Dry eye disease (DED), arising from various etiologic factors, leads to tear film instability, ocular surface damage, and neurosensory changes. DED causes symptoms such as ocular dryness, burning, itching, pain, and visual impairment. Given their well-established anti-inflammatory effects, topical steroid preparations have been widely used as a short-term treatment option for DED.

Dupilumab-associated cicatrizing ocular disease.

Purpose: To describe three cases of bilateral cicatrizing conjunctivitis associated with dupilumab treatment for atopic dermatitis.

Observations: Case 1 is a 69 year-old male with a history of mild, stable cicatrizing conjunctivitis thought to be secondary to atopic dermatitis. His cicatrizing disease progressed significantly after starting dupilumab, and then stabilized after dupilumab was discontinued.

Prevalence and incidence of dry eye in the USA: a systematic review protocol.

Introduction: Dry eye is a multifactorial chronic condition characterised by tear film insufficiency and instability, and ocular symptoms including foreign body sensation, itching, irritation, soreness and visual disturbance. The prevalence and incidence of dry eye are major determinants of the magnitude of economic and societal costs of the disease. This protocol proposes a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and incidence of dry eye in the USA.

USA: Ophthalmologic Evaluation and Management of Acute Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) can cause significant damage to the ocular surface and eyelids. The sloughing and inflammation of the ocular mucosal epithelium during the acute phase may lead to scarring sequelae of the eyelids and ocular surface, resulting in pain and vision loss. Amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) to the eyes and eyelids during the initial 1-2 weeks of the disease can decrease the chronic sequelae.

Maternal Serum Eye Drops in the Management of Pediatric Persistent Corneal Epithelial Defects: A Case Series.

Purpose: We report our experience with the use of maternally derived serum eye drops as adjunctive treatment in the management of pediatric persistent corneal epithelial defects.

Methods: Five eyes of 4 patients were identified in a retrospective review of pediatric patients with persistent corneal epithelial defects who received maternal serum drops. Diagnoses associated with the defects comprised pontine tegmental cap dysplasia with bilateral cranial nerve V1, V2, V3, and VII palsies; pontine tegmental cap dysplasia with left cranial nerve V1, VII, and VIII palsies; traumatic left cranial nerve II, V1, V2, and VI palsies due to a basilar skull fracture; and Stevens-Johnson syndrome with ocular involvement.

Amniotic membrane transplants in the pediatric population.

Purpose: To investigate the indications for and results of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) for the treatment of ocular disease in pediatric patients at a single institution.

Methods: The medical records of patients <18 years of age who underwent AMT for ocular disease between January 1, 2003, and September 1, 2015, were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were determined to have reached a clinical endpoint if there was resolution of the ocular condition being treated after AMT placement, no additional surgery required for treatment of the ocular condition, and no active disease at most recent follow-up.

Effect of human milk as a treatment for dry eye syndrome in a mouse model.

Purpose: Dry eye syndrome (DES) affects millions of people worldwide. Homeopathic remedies to treat a wide variety of ocular diseases have previously been documented in the literature, but little systematic work has been performed to validate the remedies' efficacy using accepted laboratory models of disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of human milk and nopal cactus (prickly pear), two widely used homeopathic remedies, as agents to reduce pathological markers of DES.

New Grading System and Treatment Guidelines for the Acute Ocular Manifestations of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.

Purpose: To describe a new grading system and associated treatment guidelines for the acute ocular manifestations of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).

Design: Prospective case series.

Participants: Seventy-nine consecutive patients (158 eyes) evaluated and treated for acute ocular involvement in SJS or TEN during hospitalization.

Corneoscleral Laceration and Ocular Burns Caused by Electronic Cigarette Explosions.

Purpose: To report cases of acute globe rupture and bilateral corneal burns from electronic cigarette (EC) explosions.

Methods: Case series.

Results: We describe a series of patients with corneal injury caused by EC explosions.

Acute and Chronic Ophthalmic Involvement in Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis - A Comprehensive Review and Guide to Therapy. II. Ophthalmic Disease.

Our purpose is to comprehensively review the state of the art with regard to Stevens- Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), with particular attention to improving the management of associated ocular surface complications. SJS and TEN are two ends of a spectrum of immune-mediated disease, characterized in the acute phase by a febrile illness followed by skin and mucous membrane necrosis and detachment. Part I of this review focused on the systemic aspects of SJS/TEN and was published in the January 2016 issue of this journal.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis--A Comprehensive Review and Guide to Therapy. I. Systemic Disease.

The intent of this review is to comprehensively appraise the state of the art with regard to Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), with particular attention to the ocular surface complications and their management. SJS and TEN represent two ends of a spectrum of immune-mediated, dermatobullous disease, characterized in the acute phase by a febrile illness followed by skin and mucous membrane necrosis and detachment. The widespread keratinocyte death seen in SJS/TEN is rapid and irreversible, and even with early and aggressive intervention, morbidity is severe and mortality not uncommon.

Combination topical therapy for conjunctival primary acquired melanosis with atypia and periocular lentigo maligna.

Purpose: To report the case of a patient who initially presented with primary acquired melanosis (PAM) without atypia of the conjunctiva and later developed lentigo maligna of the eyelids and PAM with atypia of the conjunctiva. We illustrate the utility of combination topical therapy with adjunctive cryotherapy to treat extensive eyelid and conjunctival lesions.

Methods: Case report with a review of the current literature.

Time and cost of teaching cataract surgery.

Purpose: To compare the differences in the time of completion of cataract surgery for residents and attending surgeons and to assign a dollar cost.

Setting: University of Colorado teaching hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

Design: Comparative case series.

Current ophthalmologic treatment strategies for acute and chronic Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Purpose Of Review: To review the newer, effective ophthalmologic treatments for acute Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) as well as the emerging treatment options for patients with chronic, severe ocular surface damage from the disease.

Recent Findings: Amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) applied to the eyes and eyelids in the acute phase of SJS can prevent the devastating scarring and visual problems that characterize the chronic phase of the disease. The severity of ocular inflammation in the acute phase does not always correlate to the severity of skin and systemic involvement.

Small-incision, sutureless repair of subconjunctival fat prolapse.

Purpose: To present a new, small-incision, sutureless surgical technique for the repair of subconjunctival fat prolapse.

Methods: This is a retrospective interventional case series. Four eyes of 3 patients who presented with prolapsed subconjunctival fat were surgically repaired using a small-incision, sutureless technique with fibrin glue.

Characterizing the learning curve in phacoemulsification.

Purpose: To characterize how residents learn phacoemulsification and determine which steps of the procedure are most difficult to master.

Setting: University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

Design: Comparative case series.

Treatment of acute Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis using amniotic membrane: a review of 10 consecutive cases.

Purpose: To describe the clinical course, treatments, and outcomes of 10 consecutive patients treated with amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) applied to the eyelid margins, palpebral conjunctiva, and ocular surface during the acute phase of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).

Design: Prospective case series of 10 consecutive patients treated by 1 surgeon.

Participants: Ten consecutive patients with severe ocular surface and eyelid inflammation treated with AMT during the acute phase of SJS or TEN.

The ophthalmologist's role in the management of acute Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and its more severe variant, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), are relatively rare but have high mortality rates. Survivors are frequently afflicted with severe blinding ocular surface diseases. Recent literature in the areas of ophthalmology and dermatology illustrate that the ophthalmologist's role should no longer be considered secondary in the acute management of SJS/TEN.

Amniotic membrane transplantation as a new therapy for the acute ocular manifestations of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome and its more severe variant, toxic epidermal necrolysis, have relatively low overall incidence; however, this disease presents with high morbidity and mortality. The majority of patients develop ocular inflammation and ulceration at the acute stage. Due to the hidden nature of these ocular lesions and the concentration of effort toward life-threatening issues, current acute management has not devised a strategy to preclude blinding cicatricial complications.