Integration of valence and conflict processing through cellular-field interactions in human subgenual cingulate during emotional face processing in treatment-resistant depression.

The subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) has been identified as a key brain area involved in various cognitive and emotional processes. While the sgACC has been implicated in both emotional valuation and emotional conflict monitoring, it is still unclear how this area integrates multiple functions. We characterized both single neuron and local field oscillatory activity in 14 patients undergoing sgACC deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression.

Inequity of healthcare access for patients with diabetic foot disease: a retrospective study in south-east Queensland.

Objectives: Logan local government area (LGA) in Queensland has the highest diabetes prevalence (6.5%) within Metro South Health (MSH). The study aimed to determine the burden of, and equity of access to secondary healthcare, for diabetic foot disease (DFD) for Logan residents to better inform healthcare services planning.

Multimodal imaging measures in the prediction of clinical response to deep brain stimulation for refractory depression: A machine learning approach.

Objectives: This study compared machine learning models using unimodal imaging measures and combined multi-modal imaging measures for deep brain stimulation (DBS) outcome prediction in treatment resistant depression (TRD).

Methods: Regional brain glucose metabolism (CMRGlu), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and grey matter volume (GMV) were measured at baseline using 18F-fluorodeoxy glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), arterial spin labelling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and T1-weighted MRI, respectively, in 19 patients with TRD receiving subcallosal cingulate (SCC)-DBS. Responders ( = 9) were defined by a 50% reduction in HAMD-17 at 6 months from the baseline.

Functional brain network features specify DBS outcome for patients with treatment resistant depression.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown therapeutic benefits for treatment resistant depression (TRD). Stimulation of the subcallosal cingulate gyrus (SCG) aims to alter dysregulation between subcortical and cortex. However, the 50% response rates for SCG-DBS indicates that selection of appropriate patients is challenging.

Density-dependent changes in elk resource selection over successional time scales following forest disturbance.

There is an increasing need to understand how animals respond to modifications of their habitat following landscape-scale disturbances such as wildfire or timber harvest. Such disturbances can promote increased use by herbivores due to changes in plant community structure that improve forage conditions, but can also cause avoidance if other habitat functions provided by cover are substantially reduced or eliminated. Quantifying the total effects of these disturbances, however, is challenging because they may not fully be apparent unless observed at successional timescales.

Aperiodic subthalamic activity predicts motor severity and stimulation response in Parkinson disease.

Introduction: Rhythmic beta activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) local field potential (LFP) is associated with Parkinson disease (PD) severity, though not all studies have found this relationship. We investigated whether aperiodic 'noise' elements of LFP, specifically slope of the 1/f broadband, predict PD motor symptoms and outcomes of STN-DBS.

Methods: We studied micro-LFP from 19 PD patients undergoing STN-DBS, relating the aperiodic 1/f slope and the periodic beta oscillation components to motor severity using the UPDRS-III and improvement with DBS at 1 year.

A Rare Case of a Fractured Exeter V40 Stem in Revision Hip Arthroplasty.

Introduction: The Exeter stem by Stryker is a polished, double wedge, tapered,and stainless steel cemented implant that is known to have high mechanical strength, and therefore can carry a significant load.

Case Report: Due to the rare nature of fractures of this type of implant, its success and effectiveness within hip arthroplasty, the Exeter stem has become one of the most commonly used surgical treatment regimens for hip fractures. At present, there are only a handful of published papers detailing a fracture through an Exeter stem implant.

A seasonal pulse of ungulate neonates influences space use by carnivores in a multi-predator, multi-prey system.

The behavioral mechanisms by which predators encounter prey are poorly resolved. In particular, the extent to which predators engage in active search for prey versus incidentally encountering them has not been well studied in many systems and particularly not for neonate prey during the birth pulse. Parturition of many large herbivores occurs during a short and predictable temporal window in which young are highly vulnerable to predation.

'Boom-and-busted' dynamics of phytoplankton-virus interactions explain the paradox of the plankton.

Rapid virus proliferation can exert a powerful control on phytoplankton host populations, playing a significant role in marine biogeochemistry and ecology. We explore how marine lytic viruses impact phytoplankton succession, affecting host and nonhost populations. Using an in silico food web we conducted simulation experiments under a range of different abiotic and biotic conditions, exploring virus-host-grazer interactions and manipulating competition, allometry, motility and cyst cycles.

Nitrous oxide and methane in a changing Arctic Ocean.

Human activities are changing the Arctic environment at an unprecedented rate resulting in rapid warming, freshening, sea ice retreat and ocean acidification of the Arctic Ocean. Trace gases such as nitrous oxide (NO) and methane (CH) play important roles in both the atmospheric reactivity and radiative budget of the Arctic and thus have a high potential to influence the region's climate. However, little is known about how these rapid physical and chemical changes will impact the emissions of major climate-relevant trace gases from the Arctic Ocean.

Personality changes with subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation in patients with treatment-resistant depression.

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising investigational approach for treatment-resistant depression. However, reports suggesting changes in personality with DBS for movement disorders have raised clinical and ethical concerns. We prospectively examined changes in personality dimensions and antidepressant response to subcallosal cingulate (SCC)-DBS for treatment-resistant depression.

Variable strategies to solve risk-reward tradeoffs in carnivore communities.

Mesopredator release theory suggests that dominant predators suppress subordinate carnivores and ultimately shape community dynamics, but the assumption that subordinate species are only negatively affected ignores the possibility of facilitation through scavenging. We examined the interplay within a carnivore community consisting of cougars, coyotes, black bears, and bobcats using contemporaneous Global Positioning System telemetry data from 51 individuals; diet analysis from 972 DNA-metabarcoded scats; and data from 128 physical investigations of cougar kill sites, 28 of which were monitored with remote cameras. Resource provisioning from competitively dominant cougars to coyotes through scavenging was so prolific as to be an overwhelming determinant of coyote behavior, space use, and resource acquisition.

Early post-treatment blood oxygenation level-dependent responses to emotion processing associated with clinical response to pharmacological treatment in major depressive disorder.

Introduction: Pre-treatment blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used for the early identification of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who later respond or fail to respond to medication. However, BOLD responses early after treatment initiation may offer insight into early neural changes associated with later clinical response. The present study evaluated both pre-treatment and early post-treatment fMRI responses to an emotion processing task, to further our understanding of neural changes associated with a successful response to pharmacological intervention.

Evaluating and integrating spatial capture-recapture models with data of variable individual identifiability.

Spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models have become the preferred tool for estimating densities of carnivores. Within this family of models are variants requiring identification of all individuals in each encounter (SCR), a subset of individuals only (generalized spatial mark-resight, gSMR), or no individual identification (spatial count or spatial presence-absence). Although each technique has been shown through simulation to yield unbiased results, the consistency and relative precision of estimates across methods in real-world settings are seldom considered.

SNAPSHOT USA 2019: a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States.

With the accelerating pace of global change, it is imperative that we obtain rapid inventories of the status and distribution of wildlife for ecological inferences and conservation planning. To address this challenge, we launched the SNAPSHOT USA project, a collaborative survey of terrestrial wildlife populations using camera traps across the United States. For our first annual survey, we compiled data across all 50 states during a 14-week period (17 August-24 November of 2019).

Metabolic activity in subcallosal cingulate predicts response to deep brain stimulation for depression.

Subcallosal cingulate (SCC) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising therapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but response rates in open-label studies were not replicated in a large multicenter trial. Identifying biomarkers of response could improve patient selection and outcomes. We examined SCC metabolic activity as both a predictor and marker of SCC DBS treatment response.

Tract-based analysis of target engagement by subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment resistant depression.

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of subcallosal cingulate cortex (SCC) is a promising investigational therapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, outcomes vary, likely due to suboptimal DBS placement. Ideal placement is proposed to stimulate 4 SCC white matter bundles; however, no quantitative data have linked activation of these target tracts to response.

Rostral anterior cingulate glutamate predicts response to subcallosal deep brain stimulation for resistant depression.

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subcallosal cingulate (SCC) provided benefit for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in open-label studies but failed in a recent randomized sham-controlled trial. Informed patient selection, based on reliable biomarkers, is needed to optimize outcome. We investigated if rostral anterior cingulate (rACC) glutamate/glutamine concentration could serve as a potential biomarker of response.

Long versus short pulse width subcallosal cingulate stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial.

Background: Stimulation adjustment is required to optimise outcomes of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for treatment-resistant depression, but controlled data for ideal stimulation parameters are poor or insufficient. We aimed to establish the efficacy and safety of short pulse width (SPW) and long pulse width (LPW) subcallosal cingulate DBS in depression.

Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, crossover trial in an academic hospital in Calgary, AB, Canada.

Intrinsic thalamocortical connectivity varies in the age of onset subtypes in major depressive disorder.

Background: Differences in the thalamocortical system have been shown in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Given prior evidence of phenotypic heterogeneity by the age of onset in MDD, we examined whether differences in thalamocortical connectivity could identify biological subtypes of MDD defined by the age of illness onset.

Methods: A total of 94 subjects including 20 early-onset (EO) MDD (onset, 18 years), 34 adult-onset (AO) MDD, and 40 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state functional MRI.

Fire history influences large-herbivore behavior at circadian, seasonal, and successional scales.

Recurrent environmental changes often prompt animals to alter their behavior leading to predictable patterns across a range of temporal scales. The nested nature of circadian and seasonal behavior complicates tests for effects of rarer disturbance events like fire. Fire can dramatically alter plant community structure, with important knock-on effects at higher trophic levels, but the strength and timing of fire's effects on herbivores remain unclear.

The impact of age of onset on amygdala intrinsic connectivity in major depression.

Background: Early-onset major depressive disorder (EO-MDD), beginning during childhood and adolescence, is associated with more illness burden and a worse prognosis than adult-onset MDD (AO-MDD), but little is known about the neural features distinguishing these subgroup phenotypes. Functional abnormalities of the amygdala are central to major depressive disorder (MDD) neurobiology; therefore, we examined whether amygdala intrinsic connectivity (IC) can differentiate EO-MDD from AO-MDD in a cohort of adult MDD patients.

Subjects And Methods: Twenty-one EO-MDD (age of onset ≤18 years), 31 AO-MDD patients (age of onset ≥19 years), and 19 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (7 minutes).

Thalamocortical connectivity in major depressive disorder.

Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent and potentially devastating, with widespread aberrations in brain activity. Thalamocortical networks are a potential candidate marker for psychopathology in MDD, but have not yet been thoroughly investigated. Here we examined functional connectivity between major cortical areas and thalamus.

A substantial fraction of phytoplankton-derived DON is resistant to degradation by a metabolically versatile, widely distributed marine bacterium.

The capacity of bacteria for degrading dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and remineralising ammonium is of importance for marine ecosystems, as nitrogen availability frequently limits productivity. Here, we assess the capacity of a widely distributed and metabolically versatile marine bacterium to degrade phytoplankton-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen. To achieve this, we lysed exponentially growing diatoms and used the derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) to support an axenic culture of Alteromonas sp.