Cognitive Correlates of MRI-defined Cerebral Vascular Injury and Atrophy in Elderly American Indians: The Strong Heart Study.

Objective: American Indians experience substantial health disparities relative to the US population, including vascular brain aging. Poorer cognitive test performance has been associated with cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings in aging community populations, but no study has investigated these associations in elderly American Indians.

Methods: We examined 786 American Indians aged 64 years and older from the Cerebrovascular Disease and its Consequences in American Indians study (2010-2013).

Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity and Mortality in American Indians Over 25 Years: The Strong Heart Study.

Background American Indians experience high rates of cardiovascular disease. We evaluated whether cardiovascular disease incidence, mortality, and prevalence changed over 25 years among American Indians aged 30 to 85. Methods and Results The SHS (Strong Heart Study) and SHFS (Strong Heart Family Study) are prospective studies of cardiovascular disease in American Indians.

The associations among sociocultural factors and neuropsychological functioning in older American Indians: The Strong Heart Study.

Objective: Valid neuropsychological assessment is critical to the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of diverse populations. American Indians and Alaska Natives experience substantial health disparities relative to the general U.S.

Are Optimism and Cynical Hostility Associated with Smoking Cessation in Older Women?

Background: Optimism and cynical hostility independently predict morbidity and mortality in Women's Health Initiative (WHI) participants and are associated with current smoking. However, their association with smoking cessation in older women is unknown.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to test whether optimism (positive future expectations) or cynical hostility (mistrust of others) predicts smoking cessation in older women.

Depressive symptoms are associated with leukocyte telomere length in American Indians: findings from the Strong Heart Family Study.

Patients with depression have an increased risk for many aging-related disorders, but the biological mechanisms underlying this link remain to be determined. Here we examined the association between depressive symptoms and leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of biological aging, among 2,175 American Indians participating in the Strong Heart Family Study. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D), which was categorized into four levels: none (< 10), mild (10-15), moderate (16 -24), and severe (> 24).

A culturally-tailored behavioral intervention trial for alcohol use disorders in three American Indian communities: Rationale, design, and methods.

Background: Disproportionately high rates of alcohol use disorders are present in many American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities, yet little information exists regarding the effectiveness of alcohol treatments in AI/AN populations. Contingency management is an intervention for illicit drug use in which tangible reinforcers (rewards) are provided when patients demonstrate abstinence as assessed by urine drug tests. Contingency management has not been widely studied as an intervention for alcohol problems because until recently, no alcohol biomarker has been available to adequately verify abstinence.

Psychological trauma symptoms and Type 2 diabetes prevalence, glucose control, and treatment modality among American Indians in the Strong Heart Family Study.

Aims: The aims of this paper are to examine the relationship between psychological trauma symptoms and Type 2 diabetes prevalence, glucose control, and treatment modality among 3776 American Indians in Phase V of the Strong Heart Family Study.

Methods: This cross-sectional analysis measured psychological trauma symptoms using the National Anxiety Disorder Screening Day instrument, diabetes by American Diabetes Association criteria, and treatment modality by four categories: no medication, oral medication only, insulin only, or both oral medication and insulin. We used binary logistic regression to evaluate the association between psychological trauma symptoms and diabetes prevalence.

A history of ashes: an 80 year comparative portrait of smoking initiation in American Indians and Non-Hispanic whites--the Strong Heart Study.

The consequences of starting smoking by age 18 are significant. Early smoking initiation is associated with higher tobacco dependence, increased difficulty in smoking cessation and more negative health outcomes. The purpose of this study is to examine how closely smoking initiation in a well-defined population of American Indians (AI) resembles a group of Non-Hispanic white (NHW) populations born over an 80 year period.

Social support and physical activity as moderators of life stress in predicting baseline depression and change in depression over time in the Women's Health Initiative.

Purpose: To determine whether social support and/or physical activity buffer the association between stressors and increasing risk of depression symptoms at baseline and at 3-year follow-up.

Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. 91,912 community-dwelling post-menopausal women participated in this prospective cohort study.

Modest levels of physical activity are associated with a lower incidence of diabetes in a population with a high rate of obesity: the strong heart family study.

Objective: To examine the association of objectively measured participation in low levels of physical activity with incident type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: The study population included participants free of diabetes and cardiovascular disease at baseline (n = 1,826) who participated in a follow-up examination. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association of steps per day with incident diabetes.

Antidepressant use, depressive symptoms, and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

Objectives: To examine the associations between depressive symptoms, antidepressant use, and duration of use with incident frailty 3 years later in nonfrail women aged 65 and older.

Design: Secondary analysis of the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS), a prospective cohort study.

Setting: WHI-OS was conducted in 40 U.

Cardiac geometry and function in diabetic or prediabetic adolescents and young adults: the Strong Heart Study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether diabetes (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were associated with early alterations in left ventricular geometry and function in a large population of adolescents and young adults independently of major confounders.

Research Design And Methods: We analyzed echocardiographic data of 1,624 14- to 39-year-old participants (mean age 26.6 ± 7.

Obesity in adults is associated with reduced lung function in metabolic syndrome and diabetes: the Strong Heart Study.

Objective: The purposes of this study were to investigate whether reduced lung function is associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) and diabetes (DM) in American Indians (AIs) and to determine whether lower pulmonary function presents before the development of DM or MS.

Research Design And Methods: The Strong Heart Study (SHS) is a multicenter, prospective study of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors among AI adults. The present analysis used lung function assessment by standard spirometry at the SHS second examination (1993-1995) in 2,396 adults free of overt lung disease or CVD, with or without DM or MS.

Hemoglobin A1c, fasting glucose, and cardiovascular risk in a population with high prevalence of diabetes: the strong heart study.

Objective: We compared A1C and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a population with widespread obesity and diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: A total of 4,549 American Indian adults underwent the Strong Heart Study (SHS) baseline examination (1989-1991). Data from 3,850 individuals (60% women) with baseline measurements of FPG and A1C and no prevalent CVD were analyzed; 1,386 had known diabetes.

Incidence rates and predictors of diabetes in those with prediabetes: the Strong Heart Study.

Background: The association between prediabetes as currently defined and incident diabetes in populations with widespread obesity, insulin resistance syndrome, and diabetes is not well defined. In this article, diabetes risk factors and incidence rates in American Indians (AI) with prediabetes are examined.

Methods: A total of 1677 AI who were nondiabetic at baseline was examined during a median 7.

High central pulse pressure is independently associated with adverse cardiovascular outcome the strong heart study.

Objectives: This study was designed to facilitate clinical use of central pulse pressure (PP). We sought to determine a value that might predict adverse outcome and thereby provide a target for assessment of intervention strategies.

Background: We previously documented that central PP more strongly relates to carotid hypertrophy and extent of atherosclerosis and, more importantly, better predicts incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) than brachial PP.

Multidimensional health locus of control in American Indians: the strong heart study.

Objective: Observe and record the demographic and anthropomorphic correlates of health beliefs in American Indians using the multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) scale.

Design: Self-administration or interview rating of Form B of the MHLC scale.

Setting: Arizona, Oklahoma, and Dakota branches of The Strong Heart Study

Participants: 3665 participants (1468 men and 2197 women) aged 15 to 93 years (average 39.

Relationship between glycemic control and depression among American Indians in the Strong Heart Study.

Objectives: To examine the relationship between depression and glycemic control in the Strong Heart Study (SHS), a longitudinal study of cardiovascular disease in American Indians.

Methods: This cross-sectional analysis focused on the relationship between depression, diabetes and glycemic control among 2832 individuals aged > or =15 years. Depression was measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale and diabetes by American Diabetes Association criteria.