Correlations between physical and ultrasound findings in congenital clubfoot at birth.

Background: At birth, clinical classifications are the only available tools for evaluating the severity of congenital clubfoot. Ultrasound provides an assessment of the anatomical abnormalities. The objective of this study was to assess correlations between physical and ultrasound findings at birth.

Complex mode of inheritance in holoprosencephaly revealed by whole exome sequencing.

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common congenital cerebral malformation, characterized by impaired forebrain cleavage and midline facial anomalies. Heterozygous mutations in 14 genes have been associated with HPE and are often inherited from an unaffected parent, underlying complex genetic bases. It is now emerging that HPE may result from a combination of multiple genetic events, rather than from a single heterozygous mutation.

Arterial spin labeling in clinical pediatric imaging.

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is the only approach that enables direct and non-invasive quantitative measurement of cerebral blood flow in the brain regions without administration of contrast material and without radiation. ASL is thus a promising perfusion imaging method for assessing cerebral blood flow in the pediatric population. Concerning newborns, there are current limitations because of their smaller brain size and lower brain perfusion.

Umbilical vein varix: Importance of ante- and post-natal monitoring by ultrasound.

Foetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix is rare. Colour Doppler ultrasonography helps distinguish this vascular anomaly. A detailed anatomic scan must be performed to exclude associated anomalies: forms associated with additional complications are found in 29 to 35% of the cases.

Whole-body post-mortem computed tomography compared with autopsy in the investigation of unexpected death in infants and children.

Objectives: To investigate the contribution of whole-body post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) in sudden unexpected death in infants and children.

Methods: Forty-seven cases of sudden unexpected death in children investigated with radiographic skeletal survey, whole-body PMCT and autopsy were enrolled. For imaging interpretation, non-specific post-mortem modifications and abnormal findings related to the presumed cause of death were considered separately.

Pubo-femoral distance: an easy sonographic screening test to avoid late diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Objectives: To propose an easy and reproducible sonographic screening test able to avoid late presentation of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).

Methods: The pubo-femoral distance (PFD) cut-off point was determined on 980 infants who underwent ultrasonography of the hips in comparison with the final diagnosis, based on clinical, ultrasound data and follow-up. PFD reproducibility was tested on 52 hips by both an experienced and an inexperienced radiologist.

Idiopathic club foot treated with the Ponseti method. Clinical and sonographic evaluation of Achilles tendon tenotomy. A review of 221 club feet.

The Ponseti method applied to treating idiopathic club foot consists in placing successive corrective casts, possibly an Achilles tendon tenotomy, then derotation braces, a method that has proven its efficacy. This study compared 221 cases of club foot treated with this method between 2002 and 2007 divided into two groups, based on whether or not Achilles tendon tenotomy was performed. Assessment was both clinical and sonographic.

A revised classification of the temporal branches of the posterior cerebral artery.

Purpose: Understanding the vascular variability of the inferior temporal occipital regions is essential for microsurgical approaches to this cerebral zone. To this end, we carried out a microanatomical study of the inferior temporal cortical branches of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in order to define their vascularisation territories.

Methods: We studied 40 cerebral hemispheres (20 brains) under an operating microscope.

Irreducible developmental dysplasia of the hip due to acetabular roof cartilage hypertrophy. Diagnostic sonography in 15 hips.

Introduction: Irreducible developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in newborns is a rare entity. The different obstacles preventing reduction have been described in the literature.

Hypothesis: A clinical form of DDH with hypertrophy of the cartilage of the acetabular roof (acetabular bulge) can be reliably identified on ultrasound and should probably be defined as a separate entity.

[Developmental dysplasia of the hip].

At one month, the acetabular depth from a standard lateral coronal section is 4.6 ± 1.0mm.

[Analytic study of hopes and perceptions of second-year medical school students during gross anatomy laboratory cessions].

Introduction: Using an anonymous questionnaire, this study aimed to assess hopes and perceptions of second-year medical school students faced to gross anatomy dissections and to appreciate the status of dissection within the others anatomical teaching tools.

Materials And Methods: The questionnaire was distributed among 210 second-year medical students during gross anatomy dissections. The first part of the questionnaire aimed to assess perceptions of students before dissections while the second part aimed to position dissection in their anatomical teaching cursus.

Preserving the superficial branch of the radial nerve during carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint arthroscopy: an anatomical study.

Background: The superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) is potentially at risk during thumb carpometacarpal (TCM) or thumb metacarpophalangeal (TMP) joint arthroscopy. The aim of this anatomical study was to describe the different branching patterns of the SBRN and to optimize positioning of portals during TCM and TMP arthroscopy.

Methods: The SBRN was dissected in 30 forearms.

The subthalamic nucleus is a key-structure of limbic basal ganglia functions.

Among the basal ganglia nuclei, the subthalamic nucleus has a major function in the motor cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit and is a target site for neurosurgical treatment such as parkinsonian patients with long-term motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. According to animal and human studies, the motor functions of the subthalamic nucleus have been well documented whereas its implication on limbic functions is still less well understood and is only partially explained by anatomical and functional theories of basal ganglia organisation. After chronic subthalamic nucleus stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease, many studies showed executive impairments, apathy, depression, hypomania, and impairment of recognition of negative facial emotions.

Anatomical study of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve with special reference to minimally invasive anterior approach for total hip replacement.

Background: Lesion of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) represents the main complication during minimally invasive anterior approach dissection to the hip joint. The aim of this anatomical study was to describe the different presentation features of the LFCN at the thigh and particularly to determine the potential location of damage during minimally invasive anterior approach for total hip replacement.

Methods: The LFCN was dissected bilaterally at the thigh under the inguinal ligament in 17 formalin-preserved cadavers.

Ultrasound: a helpful technique in the analysis of congenital vertical talus. A case report.

Congenital vertical talus is a rare condition. In newborns, the diagnosis is evident in severe forms, but it can be difficult to confirm in mild ones. Non-ossified tarsal navicular cannot be visualized on standard roentgenograms until it is ossified.

[Electronic imaging with photo-realistic rendering for neuroanatomy teaching. Methods and preliminary results].

Advances in software, networking, and imaging technology provide a unique opportunity for developing information systems in anatomy that can deliver relevant knowledge to the clinicians, researchers, educators, and students. Recent software tools initially produced for graphic imaging are now available in the medical graphic design field. The authors describe an original method they used to create electronic images of the central nervous system and its coverings with photo-realistic rendering.

Anatomic bases for the compression and neurolysis of the deep branch of the radial nerve in the radial tunnel.

The anatomy of the radial tunnel was studied on twenty-five elbow preparations. We noted five different elements that could affect the deep branch of the radial nerve in the radial tunnel and cause an entrapment syndrome: a capsule-tendon-aponeurotic complex on the anterior aspect of both the humeroradial joint and the radial head, the vascular arcade formed by the radial recurrent a, and its branches, the arcade formed by the medial edge of extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle, and the superior and inferior arcades of the superficial layer of the supinator muscle. These results are compared with recent anatomical and clinical data, and the relevance of a surgical approach between the extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus muscles is discussed.

Unusual origin of the ophthalmic artery and occlusion of the central retinal artery.

Any variations in the origin of the ophthalmic a. are uncommon and well-explained by the comparative anatomy and human embryology. A unique case is reported of an ophthalmic a.

Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior choroidal artery.

In this study, the authors present the results of 50 dissections of the anterior choroidal a. in man. Fifty cerebral hemispheres were prepared with the classic techniques of preservation and vascular injection.

Anatomical relationships and scapular attachments of the supraspinatus muscle.

Ten anatomical preparations and 15 MRI scans (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) performed on healthy subjects were used to define accurately the lateral attachments and anatomical boundaries of the supraspinatus m. Using 5 frozen specimens sectioned in the plane corresponding to the sagittal oblique MRI plane, it was possible to calculate quantitatively the ratio between the bony contours (O) and muscles (M) of the supraspinous fossa. This ratio was maximal (O/M = 2.

[Testicular microlithiasis: ultrasonographic diagnosis and semiologic value].

Testicular microlithiasis corresponds to calcifications in the lumen of seminiferous tubules. This rare condition, primarily diagnosed histologically, is usually discovered on scrotal ultrasonography. The characteristic appearance combines multiple microscopic hyperechoic areas disseminated bilaterally throughout the testicular parenchyma.

Accuracy of ultrasound diagnosis after blunt testicular trauma.

The aim of this study is to determine the value of ultrasound evaluation for the diagnosis of testis rupture due to blunt scrotal trauma. We reviewed 16 operated cases of blunt scrotal trauma with hematocele, which were evaluated by ultrasound preoperatively. In 2 cases a tunica albuginea rupture was correctly diagnosed by ultrasonography but there were 2 false-positive and 5 false-negative diagnoses of rupture.

Ultrasonic assessment of the anatomy and function of the tongue.

The tongue is a complex muscular structure. Apart from its intrinsic strength, it has a major influence on the adjacent bony structures. Real time ultrasound appears to be the method of choice for assessing the topographic and functional anatomy.

[Congenital intrahepatic arterio-portal fistula: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects].

The authors report the case of a 4 month old child presenting with a congenital arteriovenous fistula of the left hepatic lobe, revealed by a melaena. Doppler ultrasonography and angiography showed a voluminous vascular malformation fed by a left hepatic artery and fistulized in the portal vein. The therapeutical approach was first palliative, by ligature of the left hepatic artery which proved unsuccessful and resulted in re-permeation of the malformation through a right hepatic artery.