Appearance and differentiation of NADPH-d-positive neurons in rat prefrontal cortex following exposure to retinoic acid.

Retinoic acid (RA) is a biologically active form of vitamin A. Teratogenicity has been observed in pregnant mammals exposed to high doses of vitamin A. We investigated the distribution of nitrergic neurons in rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) at developmental stages 7 days to young adulthood under physiological conditions and after prenatal application of all trans-RA.

Response of distant regions affected by diaschisis commissuralis in one of the most common models of transient focal ischemia in rats.

Stroke induces widespread changes in the brain. In this paper, we monitored some markers of early (2 h) and delayed events (1, 3 and 7 days of reperfusion) initiated by middle cerebral artery occlusion in core/penumbra counterparts of the non-ischemic hemisphere (i.e.

Three-dimensional CAD/CAM imaging of the maxillary sinus in ageing process.

Objectives: During the physiological ageing process atrophy of the alveolar bone appears in vertical direction. This bone resorption causes pushing the limits of the maxillary sinus at the expense of a degraded bone. The sinus volume increases due to the facial development in children and adolescents or during the ageing process due to the loss of teeth and bone mass.

Unilateral occurrence of five different thyroid arteries-a need of terminological systematization: a case report.

This article highlights an unusual and unilateral variation in the blood supply to the inferior portion of the thyroid gland observed on the right lobe during anatomy dissection course. The rare variation of the occurrence of two anomalous arteries: the middle thyroid artery and the aberrant accessory inferior thyroid artery, and one uncommon variant, the thyroid ima artery, was detected in an adult female cadaver. The two generally constant arteries, the superior thyroid artery and the inferior thyroid artery, have been found in their usual anatomical location.

Vitamin A and amygdala: functional and morphological consequences.

Intake of vitamin A is essential for correct embryonic development of the central nervous system (CNS). Its increased intake during gravidity can cause various malformations and dysfunctions of the CNS. In our work, we intended to investigate the effect of vitamin A on emotional behavior and morphology of nitrergic neurons in basolateral nucleus of the rat amygdala.

Prenatal effects of retinoic acid on lumbar spinal cord development and liver antioxidants in rats.

During embryonic and early postnatal development, retinoic acid (RA) regulates genes that control neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth from the neural tube. The effects of high levels of RA on the CNS can be detected via nitric oxide (NO), which plays a crucial role in neural transmission. The aim of the study was to investigate the prenatal influence of high levels of RA on postnatal development of nitrergic structures in lumbar spinal cord and antioxidant status.

Nitrergic neurons during early postnatal development of the prefrontal cortex in the rat: histochemical study.

The presence of nitrergic cells in the prefrontal cortex has been confirmed, however little is known about the postnatal development of these cells. Nitrergic neurons were studied histochemically by using NADPH-diaphorase staining in the prefrontal cortex of male Wistar rats from postnatal day 7-21 (P7-21). Neuronal NADPH-diaphorase is a nitric oxide synthase that provides a specific histochemical marker for neurons producing nitric oxide (NO).

Postnatal development of spinal cord and liver antioxidant status in the young of retinol-overdosed female rats.

The metabolic form of vitamin A, retinol, has a pivotal role in the nervous system development and neuronal differentiation, both during embryogenesis through maternal-fetal support and in the early postnatal life. Retinoic acid was administered orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight to pregnant female rats through days 8-10 of gestation. Spinal cord sections were processed for histochemical visualization one day after birth and on day 21, when weaning is expected.

Anatomical study of the roots of cranial parasympathetic ganglia: a contribution to medical education.

A major key to increasing the safety of cranial surgery is a thorough understanding of anatomy. The anatomy of the head is of fundamental interest to dental and medical students early in their studies. Clinically, it is mostly relevant to surgeons who are performing interventions and reconstruction in the maxillofacial region, skull base, and the orbit.

Postnatal development of nitrergic and cholinergic structures in rat spinal cord.

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to be a freely diffusible gaseous neurotransmitter that is not requiring synaptic connection to exert its effects. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme responsible for NO synthesis can be visualised by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Other neurotransmitter is a classical neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), regulated by enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that hydrolyses the acetylcholine after its releasing.

Chemokines as possible targets in modulation of the secondary damage after acute spinal cord injury: a review.

In spite of many promising experimental studies, an effective treatment dramatically eliminating the secondary damage after spinal cord injury (SCI) is still missing. Since clinical data on the therapeutical effect after methylprednisolone treatment are not conclusive, new therapeutical modalities targeting specific components of secondary spinal cord damage needs to be developed. It is known that immune cells are recruited to injury sites by chemokines, which are small, structurally similar proteins released locally at the site of inflammation.

Morphologic and volumetric studies of the meibomian glands in elderly human eyelids.

Purpose: To study the microscopic structure of postmortem human Meibomian glands (MGs) in the elderly.

Methods: Human MG samples from left lower eyelids were obtained at autopsy from 5 men and 4 women with a mean age of 63.1 +/- 7.

The effect of long-term reduction of aortic blood flow on spinal cord gray matter in the rabbit. Histochemical study of NADPH-diaphorase.

1. The aim of this work was to study the influence of reduced aortic blood flow on NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining in the gray matter of L4-S3 spinal cord segments. 2.