From Division to Death: Metabolomic Analysis of BY-2 Cells Reveals the Complexity of Life in Batch Culture.

Tobacco BY-2 cell culture is one of the most widely used models in plant biology. The main advantage of BY-2 suspension cultures is the synchronization of cell development and the appearance of polar elongation. In batch culture, BY-2 cells passed through the lag, proliferation, elongation, and stationary phases.

Plant Heterotrophic Cultures: No Food, No Growth.

Plant cells are capable of uptaking exogenous organic substances. This inherited trait allows the development of heterotrophic cell cultures in various plants. The most common of them are and .

Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Pea ( L.) Breeding Line 'Triumph' with High Symbiotic Responsivity.

Pea ( L.), like most legumes, forms mutualistic symbioses with nodule bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The positive effect of inoculation is partially determined by the plant genotype; thus, pea varieties with high and low symbiotic responsivity have been described, but the molecular genetic basis of this trait remains unknown.

Effects of Elevated Temperature on Nodule Development: I-Detailed Characteristic of Unusual Apical Senescence.

Despite global warming, the influence of heat on symbiotic nodules is scarcely studied. In this study, the effects of heat stress on the functioning of nodules formed by bv. strain 3841 on pea () line SGE were analyzed.

The Effects of Inoculation on Transcriptome of Leaves at Early Vegetative and Flowering Stages of Plant Development.

The study is aimed at revealing the effects of inoculation on the transcriptome of leaves at the early (second leaf formation) and later (flowering) stages of plant development. A pot experiment was conducted under conditions of low phosphorus (P) level in the substrate. plants were characterized by high mycorrhizal growth response and mycorrhization parameters.

Effects of Trophic Acclimation on Growth and Expression Profiles of Genes Encoding Enzymes of Primary Metabolism and Plastid Transporters of .

In this paper, the effect of prolonged trophic acclimation on the subsequent growth of batch cultures was studied. The mixotrophic (light + acetate) acclimation stimulated subsequent growth at both mixotrophy and autotrophy conditions and altered the expression profile of genes encoding enzymes of primary metabolism and plastid transporters. Besides the trophic effect, the influence of Chlamydomonas culture growth stage on gene expression was determined.

Identification and Expression Analysis of the Family in L.

The (CEP) peptides play crucial roles in plant growth and response to environmental factors. These peptides were characterized as positive regulators of symbiotic nodule development in legume plants. However, little is known about the CEP peptide family in pea.

A variable gene family encoding nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides in pea ( L.).

Various legume plants form root nodules in which symbiotic bacteria (rhizobia) fix atmospheric nitrogen after differentiation into a symbiotic form named bacteroids. In some legume species, bacteroid differentiation is promoted by defensin-like nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides. NCR peptides have best been studied in the model legume Gaertn.

The Role of Interaction with in the Determination of Root Metabolome at Early Stages of AM Symbiosis.

The nature of plant-fungi interaction at early stages of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) development is still a puzzling problem. To investigate the processes behind this interaction, we used the MlS-1 line that forms high-efficient AM symbiosis with . AM fungus actively colonizes the root system of the host plant and contributes to the formation of effective AM as characterized by a high mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) in the host plant.

Mycorrhiza-Induced Alterations in Metabolome of Leaves during Symbiosis Development.

The present study is aimed at disclosing metabolic profile alterations in the leaves of the MlS-1 line that result from high-efficiency arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis formed with under condition of a low phosphorus level in the substrate. A highly effective AM symbiosis was established in the period from the stooling to the shoot branching initiation stage (the efficiency in stem height exceeded 200%). Mycorrhization led to a more intensive accumulation of phosphates (glycerophosphoglycerol and inorganic phosphate) in leaves.

Metabolic Alterations in Roots during Plant Growth and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Development.

Intensive exchange of nutrients is a crucial part of the complex interaction between a host plant and fungi within arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. For the first time, the present study demonstrates how inoculation with AMF affects the pea ( L.) root metabolism at key stages of plant development.

Human hAtg2A protein expressed in yeast is recruited to preautophagosomal structure but does not complement autophagy defects of atg2Δ strain.

Yeast Atg2, an autophagy-related protein, is highly conserved in other fungi and has two homologues in humans, one of which is hAtg2A encoded by the hATG2A/KIAA0404 gene. Region of homology between Atg2 and hAtg2A proteins comprises the C-terminal domain. We used yeast atg2D strain to express the GFP-KIAA0404 gene, its fragment or fusions with yeast ATG2, and study their effects on autophagy.