Perceived aggression in sports and its relation to willingness to participate and perceived risk of injury.

The purpose of this study was three-fold: assess relationships among perceived hostile aggression, instrumental aggression, and assertion for a set of collegiate sports, categorize the sports by rated aggression, and present relationships of aggression with ratings of likelihood of career-ending injuries, personal willingness to participate, and the perceived desirability of participation in the sports by others. The sports were rated on the variables by 285 undergraduates enrolled in psychology courses in a large private university in the western USA. Mean age for men was 23.

Attributions of athletes on collegiate sports teams.

This study investigated the patterns of attributions for success made by intercollegiate athletes in three categories: more versus less successful teams, men versus women athletes, and individual versus group sport participants. 74 men and 83 women on 17 varsity teams across a number of sports took the Sports Attribution Style Scale, measuring internal, stable, controllable, intentional, and global attributions. It was hypothesized that (a) the athletes on more successful teams would have higher internal, stable, controllable, and intentional attributions, (b) that athletes in individual sports would have lower internal, stable, and controllable attributions, and (c) that women would score higher on all five attributions.

A cross-sport athletic performance rating scale.

An Athletic Performance Rating Scale, developed for comparing the characteristics of successful athletes across sports, was used by 17 coaches to rate 74 men and 83 women on 17 varsity collegiate teams. A 5-factor scale measuring Self-motivation, Self-confidence, Emotional Stability, Athletic Ability, and Character was developed using principal components analysis.

Intrinsic-extrinsic factors in sport motivation.

Participants were 83 students (36 men and 47 women). 10 intrinsic-extrinsic factors involved in sport motivation were obtained. The factors were generated from items obtained from the participants rather than items from the experimenter.

The Relationship of Environmental Exposure to its Perceived Rewards and Costs.

It was hypothesized that environmental exposure in which adaptation may occur should relate to rated rewards and costs. Thirty-three Ss indicated their familiarity with three environments (university, mission, and military) and rated them in terms of rewards/costs. Correlations between the two sets of variables partially confirmed the hypothesis.

Developmental Trends in Personal Space.

Personal space scores were obtained for 11 males and females in each of six elementary school grades toward four stimulus persons: man, woman, boy, girl. An analysis of variance with sex, grade, and stimulus person as the main effects produced significant sex, grade, sex × grade, and sex × stimulus person effects. Males had a larger personal space than females at all grades and for all stimulus persons.