Seroprevalence of swine hepatitis E virus and the farmers' potential risk of infection in the Province of Bali, Indonesia.

Background And Aims: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection formerly and predominantly occurred in rural areas. However, it has recently been spread to urban and peri-urban areas. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of HEV in pigs collected from urban and rural areas in Bali.

Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Japan and Southeast Asia, 2016-2018.

During 2016-2018, we conducted surveillance for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in mosquitoes and pigs in Japan, Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that our isolates (genotypes Ia, Ib, III, IV) were related to JEV isolates obtained from the same regions many years ago. Indigenous JEV strains persist in Asia.

Evaluation of an Indirect-ELISA Test for Trypanosoma evansi Infection (Surra) in Buffaloes and Its Application to a Serological Survey in Thailand.

Surra, caused by Trypanosoma evansi, is a neglected disease due to frequent subclinical evolution, especially in bovines in Asia. However, acute and chronic signs are regularly observed, with significant sanitary and economic impacts. In this study, we evaluated and applied an indirect-ELISA test for the detection of anti-T.

Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects.

This paper reviews the transmission modes of Trypanosoma evansi. Its worldwide distribution is attributed to mechanical transmission. While the role of tabanids is clear, we raise questions on the relative role of Haematobia sp.

Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects.

Trypanosoma evansi, the agent of "surra," is a salivarian trypanosome, originating from Africa. It is thought to derive from Trypanosoma brucei by deletion of the maxicircle kinetoplastic DNA (genetic material required for cyclical development in tsetse flies). It is mostly mechanically transmitted by tabanids and stomoxes, initially to camels, in sub-Saharan area.

Isolation, cloning, and pathologic analysis of Trypanosoma evansi field isolates.

In recent years, the emergence of highly pathogenic Trypanosoma evansi strains in the Philippines has resulted in substantial losses in livestock production. In this study, we isolated T. evansi from infected-water buffaloes in the Philippines and analyzed their virulence using mice and cattle.

Kinetics of regulatory dendritic cells in inflammatory responses during Trypanosoma evansi infection.

Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) causes a wasting disease in almost all mammals. Trypanosoma evansi infection gives rise to the inflammatory responses that contribute to the development of inflammation-associated tissue injury.

Microsatellite typing and population structuring of Trypanosoma evansi in Mindanao, Philippines.

Trypanosoma evansi, a blood-borne protozoan parasite with an extensive geographical range is the causative agent of the livestock disease known as surra. A total of 140 out of 179 T. evansi isolates collected between 2006 and 2007 from 44 villages (comprising of 16 reported surra outbreaks) in 3 provinces (Agusan del Sur (ADS), Surigao del Sur (SDS) and Agusan del Norte (ADN)) in Mindanao, Philippines were each successfully genotyped using a suite of 7 polymorphic microsatellites.

Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) test for detection of Trypanosoma evansi strain B.

Camel Trypanosomiasis (Surra) is mainly caused by Trypanosoma evansi strains that express variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) RoTat 1.2. However, in Kenya a second causative strain that does not express RoTat 1.

Development and application of a quantitative real-time PCR for the diagnosis of Surra in water buffaloes.

Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) causes the disease called Surra in domestic animals, which is of great economic importance in South Asian countries. In order to improve the diagnosis of Surra, we endeavored to develop a real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantification of parasites in water buffaloes using specific primers for the T.

Models for Trypanosoma evansi (surra), its control and economic impact on small-hold livestock owners in the Philippines.

Simple demographic and infectious disease models of buffaloes and other domestic hosts for animal trypanosomosis (surra) caused by Trypanosoma evansi were developed. The animal models contained deterministic and stochastic elements and were linked to simulate the benefit of control regimes for surra in village domestic animal populations in Mindanao, Philippines. The impact of the disease on host fertility and mortality were key factors in determining the economic losses and net-benefit from the control regimes.

Estimating the impact of Trypanosoma evansi infection (surra) on buffalo population dynamics in southern Philippines using data from cross-sectional surveys.

Despite the widespread problem with surra (Trypanosoma evansi) in livestock, there are no published studies on its impact on host populations, probably because of the large financial and time cost involved in performing longitudinal studies. During 2002-6, a cross-sectional survey for T. evansi infection involving 1732 buffaloes from 71 villages in southern Philippines was carried out.

Experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in the goat. II. Pathology.

Infection of male goats aged 8-10 months with 5000 or 50 000 organisms of a Mindanao strain of Trypanosoma evansi was observed over a period of 90 days. The infection induced clinical disease which was lethal, especially at the higher dose rate. Lesions were more acute in goats that received the higher dose.

Experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in the goat. I. Clinical signs and clinical pathology.

A strain of Trypanosoma evansi isolated from an equine case of surra in Mindanao, Philippines was used to infect intravenously two groups (A and B) of five male goats aged 8-10 months. Animals of groups A and B received 5000 and 50 000 trypanosomes, respectively, and five further animals (group C) served as uninfected controls. Four of the 10 infected goats died 8-78 days after inoculation.

Comparative study of strongyle infections of cattle and buffaloes in Mindanao, the Philippines.

Faecal samples were collected from 500 cattle and 385 buffaloes belonging to backyard farmers from 24 villages in the province of Bukidnon, Mindanao, the Philippines. Strongyle nematode infections were studied on these samples by faecal egg counts and infective larvae differentiation. The effects of animal species and age on the prevalence and intensity of infections were studied.

Development of immunity to Mecistocirrus digitatus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in calves.

The importance of the third (L3), fourth (L4) and adult stages of Mecistocirrus digitatus in inducing resistance to reinfection was examined. Three groups of 5 calves (A, B, C) were immunized for 2 consecutive days with a daily dose of 20,000 M. digitatus infectious larvae.

Epidemiology of Mecistocirrus digitatus and other gastrointestinal nematode infections in cattle in Mindanao, Philippines.

Over a period of 14 months, faecal and serum samples were collected monthly from cattle of 1 to 30 months old on three ranches (20-25 animals ranch-1 sample-1) in Mindanao, Philippines. Individual faecal egg counts, serum pepsinogen levels and Mecistocirrus digitatus specific antibodies were determined, and infective larvae from pooled faecal samples were examined. Post mortem worm counts were carried out on tracer calves (n = 16) that had been kept for 30 days with the herds on two of the ranches.

Pathophysiological aspects of Mecistocirrus digitatus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) infection in calves.

Three groups of four calves were experimentally infected with infectious larvae of Mecistocirrus digitatus. One group received a trickle infection of 5000 L3 per day for 8 days, the other two groups received a single infection of 5000 and 40,000 L3, respectively. All animals were necropsied 120 days after infection.

Thelazia rhodesii (Desmarest, 1828) infections in cattle in Mindanao, Philippines.

Thelazia rhodesii was found in the eyes of 149 of 643 bovine heads (23%) that were examined at the abattoir of Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines, during the period February 1994 to February 1995. In nearly half of the animals both eyes were infected and an average of 4.1 worms per infected animal was recovered.

Mammomonogamus laryngeus (Railliet, 1899) infections in cattle in Mindanao, Philippines.

During one year, 597 cattle were examined for Mammomonogamus laryngeus infections in the abattoir of Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. The overall prevalence was 23% with no obvious seasonal variations. The infection rate was 19% in animals up to 4 years old and 24% in animals 4-12 years old.