[Factors involved in the success or failure of endoscopic treatment in paediatric primary vesicoureteral reflux: A systematic review.].

Objective: The objective of this paper isidentifying the factors that may condition the success or failure of endoscopic therapy for vesicoureteral reflux in the paediatric population.MATERIAL AND METHODS: A bibliographic review was performed in the Cochrane Library and PUBMED of all the studies which the principal subject was about identifying factors involved in the success or failure of endoscopic therapy for vesicoureteral reflux in the paediatric population.

Results: Of a total of 1410 studies, 14 studies and17 factors potentially involved in the success or failure of endoscopic therapy were fully analysed according to the different studies reviewed.

Leydig cell tumour: enucleation as a therapeutic choice in a case with atypical symptoms.

Objective: Testicular tumours are rare in paediatric patients, accounting for only 1% of tumours in boys. Leydig cell tumours are the most common gonadal stromal tumours. Since these tumours are functionally active, secreting testosterone, they characteristically produce isosexual pseudoprecocious puberty (IPP), the customary therapeutic choice being radical orchiectomy.

[Role of alpha antagonists in uncoordinated micturition syndrome in childhood].

Introduction: Dysfunctional voiding syndrome in children is characterized by a pattern of dysfunctional bladder emptying due to an active contraction of the external sphincter during micturition. Diagnosis is based on electromyographic and flowmetry results. The treatment is focused on relaxing the external sphincter during micturition where biofeedback is the treatment of choice.

[Quality of life in children operated on for anal atresia].

Introduction: Most children with anorectal malformations have some type of intestinal dysfunction. A correct follow up in this aspect after surgery affects their quality of life.

Material And Methods: We gathered a sample of 20 children that were lost in their follow up after posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP).

[Correction of lop ear using minimally invasive approach].

Introduction: Helix valgus or procident ears is a common problem that affects about 5% of the population. The folds of the antehelix and the overdevelopment of the concha are the most commonly found anatomic alterations of the ear pavilion. In children this pathology usually causes anxiety and an emotional trauma that may interfere in their normal development.

[Therapeutic approach of enuresis based on the differentiation of the enuretic syndrome and monosymptomatic enuresis].

Introduction: Enuresis affects 15% of the children under 5. Possible etiopatogeny explaining the mechanism of production of nocturnal enuresis has been described, resulting in different terapeutical approaches; however, we cannot speak up to now of general guidelines for its treatment.

Materials And Methods: On the basis of 544 children who were treated in our hospital in the last 12 years, we analysed a sample of 124 patients corresponding to the last two years.

[Non-palpable testes: laparoscopic or inguinal approach?].

Introduction: Twenty per cent of the operated patients suffering from cryptorchidisim show no palpable testis in the physical check-up. The use of a non-palpable testis in the initial stages is considered to be controversial when deciding between a laparascopic or an inguinal approach. Our aim is to compare the results obtained with these two approaches and evaluate which one of them would be the most relevant as an initial option.

[Bladder psoas hitch. Report of 11 cases].

Bladder psoas hitch is an surgical technique which, in very complicated cases, like repeated failures of vesico-ureteral re-implants or undiversions, allow us to bridge the shortness of the ureter and obtain a good vesico-ureteral reimplant. The surgical maneuver is described and several of the 11 cases operated by this technique are commented. The results are presented.

[First infantile liver transplants in Spain].

For the first time in Spain, authors report the experience, started by the Hospital Infantil "Valle de Hebron" of Barcelona on pediatric liver transplant in terminal liver disease in childhood which means a new opportunity for these patients otherwise facing a fatal out come in a short time. We show the 4 first pediatric liver transplants performed in our country and we point out some of the most important factors of a pediatric liver transplant program in a consolidation phase.

[Surgical treatment of pneumothorax in the newborn infant].

Tension pneumothorax refractory to thoracocentesis is a serious consequence of the greater refinements of neonatal intensive care. Various techniques have been recently proposed for solving this problem, such as selective intubation or surgical treatment. We present our experience with the surgical treatment of refractory pneumothorax compared to conservative methods.