Proposed revision to the existing specialty and specialist certification framework for pharmacy practitioners.

Consistent with the American College of Clinical Pharmacy's vision that future clinical pharmacy practitioners who provide direct patient care should be board-certified specialists, a new framework for pharmacist specialty board certification is proposed. This White Paper describes the current and projected needs of the pharmacy profession regarding board certification, provides a rationale for the new framework, and discusses the potential ramifications of changes in the current board-certification process.

Impact of health literacy on health outcomes in ambulatory care patients: a systematic review.

Objective: To examine the relationship between low health literacy and disease state control and between low health literacy medication adherence in the primary care setting.

Data Sources: The following databases were searched for relevant articles from date of inception to April 2008: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, Education Resources Information Center, PsycINFO, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Iowa Drug Information Service. MEDLINE was searched from 1966 to April 2008.