Revisiting the four Hexapoda classes: Protura as the sister group to all other hexapods.

Insects represent the most diverse animal group, yet previous phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and molecular data have failed to agree on the evolutionary relationships of early insects and their six-legged relatives (together constituting the clade Hexapoda). In particular, the phylogenetic positions of the three early-diverging hexapod lineages-the coneheads (Protura), springtails (Collembola), and two-pronged bristletails (Diplura)-have been debated for over a century, with alternative topologies implying drastically different scenarios of the evolution of the insect body plan and hexapod terrestrialization. We addressed this issue by sampling all hexapod orders and experimenting with a broad range of across-site compositional heterogeneous models designed to tackle ancient divergences.

Whole-genome-based phylogenetic analyses provide new insights into the evolution of springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola).

Springtails (Collembola) stand as one of the most abundant, widespread, and ancient terrestrial arthropods on earth. However, their evolutionary history and deep phylogenetic relationships remain elusive. In this study, we employed phylogenomic approaches to elucidate the basal relationships among Collembola.

Genomic insights into the chromosomal elongation in a family of Collembola.

Collembola is a highly diverse and abundant group of soil arthropods with chromosome numbers ranging from 5 to 11. Previous karyotype studies indicated that the Tomoceridae family possesses an exceptionally long chromosome. To better understand chromosome size evolution in Collembola, we obtained a chromosome-level genome of with a size of 334.

Multikingdom interactions govern the microbiome in subterranean cultural heritage sites.

SignificanceThe conservation of historical relics against microbial biodeterioration is critical to preserving cultural heritages. One major challenge is our limited understanding of microorganisms' dispersal, colonization, and persistence on relics after excavation and opening to external environments. Here, we investigate the ecological and physiological profiles of the microbiome within and outside the Dahuting Han Dynasty Tomb with a 1,800-y history.

Chromosomal-Level Genome Assembly of the Springtail Tomocerus qinae (Collembola: Tomoceridae).

The family Tomoceridae is among the earliest derived collembolan lineages, thus is of key importance in understanding the evolution of Collembola. Here, we assembled a chromosome-level genome of one tomocerid species Tomocerus qinae by combining Nanopore long reads and Hi-C data. The final genome size was 334.

Phylogenomics of Elongate-Bodied Springtails Reveals Independent Transitions from Aboveground to Belowground Habitats in Deep Time.

Soil has become a major hotspot of biodiversity studies, yet the pattern and timing of the evolution of soil organisms are poorly known because of the scarcity of paleontological data. To overcome this limitation, we conducted a genome-based macroevolutionary study of an ancient, diversified, and widespread lineage of soil fauna, the elongate-bodied springtails (class Collembola, order Entomobryomorpha). To build the first robust backbone phylogeny of this previously refractory group, we sampled representatives of major higher taxa (6 out of 8 families, 11 out of 16 subfamilies) of the order with an emphasis on the most problematic superfamily Tomoceroidea, applied whole-genome sequencing methods, and compared the performance of different combinations of data sets (universal single-copy orthologs [USCO] vs.

Molecular phylogeny and trait evolution in an ancient terrestrial arthropod lineage: Systematic revision and implications for ecological divergence (Collembola, Tomocerinae).

Phylogenetic assessments of functional traits are important for mechanistically understanding the interactions between organisms and environments, but such practices are strongly limited by the availability of phylogenetic frameworks. The tomocerin springtails are an ancient, widespread and ecologically important group of terrestrial arthropods, whereas their phylogeny and trait evolution remained unaddressed. In the present study, we conducted the first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of Tomocerinae, based on a multi-loci molecular dataset covering all major lineages within the subfamily, using Bayesian inference (BI), maximum-likelihood (ML) and maximum-parsimony (MP) approaches.

Phylomitogenomic analyses on collembolan higher taxa with enhanced taxon sampling and discussion on method selection.

Collembola are a basal group of Hexapoda renowned for both unique morphological characters and significant ecological roles. However, a robust and plausible phylogenetic relationship between its deeply divergent lineages has yet to be achieved. We carried out a mitophylogenomic study based on a so far the most comprehensive mitochondrial genome dataset.

Two new species of Tomocerus ocreatus group with a single large distal dental spine (Collembola, Tomoceridae).

Most members of Tomocerus ocreatus group have two distal large spines on dens, so far, only Tomocerus spinulus Chen Christiansen, 1998 and Tomocerus leyensis Yu Deharveng, 2018 have been described with only one distal large spine and are thus exceptional in this group. In the present paper, we report two other species with the same form. The two new species resemble T.

Three new species of Tomocerus from tropical zone of China (Collembola, Tomoceridae).

Tomocerids are world-widely distributed, but were seldom reported from tropics. In the present paper, three new species of Tomocerus Nicolet are described from Hainan and Yunnan Provinces, tropical zone of China. All three species have compound-type dental spines and belong to Tomocerus ocreatus species-group.

Two new Chinese species of Tomocerus at different stages of troglomorphic adaptation (Collembola, Tomoceridae).

Two new species of Tomocerus are described from caves in Guizhou and Guangxi Province, China. Tomocerus troglodytes sp. nov.

Molecular phylogeny of Entomobrya (Collembola: Entomobryidae) from China: Color pattern groups and multiple origins.

Highly diversified colorations among springtails (Collembola) have been widely used for species diagnosis, but their phylogenetic significance is poorly known. We addressed this issue in the largest Entomobryinae genus Entomobrya, which possesses variable color patterns among species. The relationships within the genus and to other genera have also rarely been studied.

Revision of Tomocerus similis Chen & Ma, with discussion of the kinoshitai complex and the distal tibiotarsal chaetae in Tomocerinae (Collembola, Tomoceridae).

Molecular analysis and a detailed morphological comparison revealed that Tomocerus similis Chen & Ma was described from individuals belonging to several species from several localities. Based on both old and new material from Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces, China, T. similis is redescribed and two new species are described.

New troglomorphic species of Tomocerus with well-developed postantennal organs (Collembola: Tomoceridae).

Three new troglobitic species of Tomocerus are described from the southwestern karsts of China. All of them have well developed postantennal organs. Tomocerus dong sp.

Two new species of Tomocerus ocreatus complex (Collembola, Tomoceridae) from Nanjing, China.

Two new species of Tomocerus Nicolet, 1842 are described from Nanjing, China. Tomocerus qinae sp. nov.

New cave-dwelling species of Tomoceridae from China, with a study on the pattern of mesothoracic bothriotricha in Tomocerinae (Collembola, Entomobryomorpha).

Two new troglobitic species of Tomoceridae are described from Guizhou and Guangxi provinces, China. Tomocerus tiani sp. n.

Molecular phylogeny supports S-chaetae as a key character better than jumping organs and body scales in classification of Entomobryoidea (Collembola).

The jumping organ (furcula) is the most characteristic structure among collembolans, and it is of great taxonomical values at higher levels. The largest superfamily Entomobryoidea is traditionally classified into four families only by the morphology of the furcula. Actually, many taxa among these families are strikingly similar in morphology without considering furcula.

The first eyeless species of Tomocerus from China (Collembola, Tomoceridae) with notes on genera Tomocerus and Pogonognathellus.

A new cave tomocerid from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, South China is described. Tomocerus caecus sp. nov.

A peculiar cave species of Tomocerus (Collembola, Tomoceridae, Tomocerinae) from Vietnam, with a discussion of the postantennal organ and prelabral chaetae in Tomocerinae.

The first Tomocerus species with a postantennal organ (PAO) in the adult stage is described from Vietnam. Tomocerus postantennalis sp. n.

New species of Monodontocerus (Collembola: Tomoceridae) from southern China with diagnostic notes on the genus and introduction of new taxonomic characters.

Three new species of Monodontocerus are described from caves in southern China: M. absens sp. nov.

[A study on the interpolation algorithm for the serial-parallel robot-controlled HIFU].

According to the hardware characters of the high intensive focused ultrasound (HIFU) serial-parallel robots, this paper presents an algorithm of 2-grade interpolation scheme which includes the rough and fine interpolations. Both pre-acceleration and post-acceleration are employed to meet the restrictive requirements of coordinated dynamic performance and the detailed procedure of the interpolation algorithm is given too.

[Key technologies in HIFU treatment machine development].

This paper gives a comprehensive illustration on the key technologies involved in HIFU treatment machine development and thus it can be used for reference and be of benefit to the further development.