Molecular and Serologic Investigation of the 2021 COVID-19 Case Surge Among Vaccine Recipients in Mongolia.

This cross-sectional study uses molecular and serologic methods to investigate the 2021 surge in COVID-19 cases among vaccine recipients in Mongolia.

A Phase 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Oral Camostat Mesylate for Early Treatment of COVID-19 Outpatients Showed Shorter Illness Course and Attenuation of Loss of Smell and Taste.

Importance: Early treatment of mild SARS-CoV-2 infection might lower the risk of clinical deterioration in COVID-19.

Objective: To determine whether oral camostat mesylate would reduce upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 viral load in newly diagnosed outpatients with mild COVID-19, and would lead to improvement in COVID-19 symptoms.

Design: From June, 2020 to April, 2021, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and detection of HEV RNA with a transcription-mediated amplification assay in blood donors from Catalonia (Spain).

Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging threat to the safety of blood transfusion. The aim of this study was to determine HEV immunoglobulin (Ig)G and RNA prevalence in Catalan blood donors.

Study Design And Methods: Nearly 10,000 samples were collected from anonymized, unpaid donors at the Banc de Sang i Teixits (Barcelona, Spain) from June to December 2013.

Analysis of mortality following a mass immunization campaign with serogroup C meningococcal conjugate vaccine: methodological difficulties and imperfect solutions.

Background: In 2001, a mass immunization campaign was implemented in the province of Quebec, Canada, using a new serogroup C meningococcal conjugate vaccine (C-MCV).

Objective: To describe methodological difficulties in the investigation of the mortality risk associated with administration of C-MCV using large administrative databases, and to present possible solutions.

Materials And Methods: The study population included approximately 1.

A randomized trial to determine the tolerability and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccine in healthy adolescents.

Background: Because of the well-documented increased risk of meningococcal disease among adolescents, vaccination is recommended for this population in many countries, including the United States. This study compared the tolerability and immunogenicity in adolescents of a candidate quadrivalent meningococcal CRM197 glycoconjugate vaccine against serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y (MenACWY-CRM) with that of the licensed unconjugated quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4).

Methods: This phase II study was conducted in the United States among 524 adolescents aged 11-17 years in 2 stages, with different randomization schemes.

Immune response to conjugated meningococcal C vaccine in pediatric oncology patients.

Background: Following outbreaks of meningococcal disease in Quebec in 1991-1993 and 2000-2001, a mass vaccination campaign was performed. In 2001-2002, children aged 2 months to 20 years were immunized with the Meningococcal CRM197 vaccine (Menjugate). We examined the response of pediatric oncology patients during or following maintenance chemotherapy and post-bone-marrow transplantation to Meningococcal C vaccine.

Canadian Association for Immunization Research and Evaluation (CAIRE) guidelines for industry-sponsored clinical trial and epidemiology contract research.

In response to concerns about interactions of academic and public health investigators with industry, the Canadian Association for Immunization Research and Evaluation (CAIRE), in collaboration with six major vaccine manufacturers, developed guidelines for participation in industry-sponsored clinical trial and epidemiology contract research within Canada. Topics addressed include definition of investigators, data ownership, protocol development, data management, data analysis, producing a study report and publication of the results of the study.

Reverse vaccinology--in search of a genome-derived meningococcal vaccine.

Although significant advances have been made toward the control of bacterial meningitis in children with the development of capsular polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccines, this approach has proven problematic for the serogroup B meningococcus. Non-capsular vaccines based upon outer membrane vesicles of Neisseria meningitidis have been useful in control of clonal serogroup B outbreaks, although due to variability of PorA, these vaccines may be less useful in control of endemic disease. Genome-based vaccine discovery was evaluated in an attempt to produce a candidate capable of conferring a broadly protective vaccine against a diversity of meningococcal B strains.

Priming for immunologic memory in adults by meningococcal group C conjugate vaccination.

Meningococcal group C polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines (MCV) prime infants and children for memory anticapsular responses upon subsequent exposure to unconjugated polysaccharide. The objective of this study was to determine whether MCV primes vaccine-naïve adults and adults previously vaccinated with meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV) for memory antibody responses. Meningococcal vaccine-naïve adults were randomized to receive either MCV (MCV/naïve group) (n = 35) or pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) (PCV/naïve group) (n = 34).

Meningococcal vaccines.

Background: The 5 major pathogenic serogroups of the Gram-negative encapsulated bacterium Neisseria meningitidis are A, B, C, Y, and W135. In the 1960s, vaccines consisting of purified capsular polysaccharide antigens were developed against serogroups A, C, Y, and W135. These vaccines were highly effective among adults but were not efficacious among infants and young children.

Immunologic memory with no detectable bactericidal antibody response to a first dose of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine at four years.

Fourteen children with no detectable bactericidal antibody response to a first dose of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine at 4 years of age were given a booster dose of the same vaccine 2 years later. A rapid 1000-fold rise in postimmunization bactericidal antibody titers, a measured either 7 or 14 days later, suggested previous immunologic priming.

Simultaneous administration of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in children: a randomized double-blind study.

Background: Meningococcal C disease can be life-threatening in infants, young children and adolescents. New conjugate vaccines are immunogenic in young infants and induce immunologic memory, so we should consider incorporating them into the routine childhood immunization program. The objective of this study was to measure the safety and immunogenicity of a meningococcal C conjugate vaccine when given with routine childhood vaccines.

Safety and immunogenicity of meningococcus serogroup C conjugate vaccine administered as a primary or booster vaccination to healthy four-year-old children.

Background: Meningococcal C conjugate (Men C) vaccines have been routinely used in the UK since November, 1999. Little information exists regarding antibody persistence or immunologic memory after infant vaccination or response to a first dose at 4 years.

Methods: Ninety-five children immunized at 2, 3 and 4 months of age with 0 or 3 doses of Men C vaccine, boosted with Men C or meningococcal A/C polysaccharide vaccine at 12 months, received a single dose of Men C vaccine at 4 years; 103 age-matched controls were recruited.

Safety of a new conjugate meningococcal C vaccine in infants.

Background: Group C conjugate meningococcal vaccines (Men C) were introduced into the UK primary immunisation schedule in November 1999. There has been extensive professional and public interest in their efficacy and safety.

Aim: To determine the occurrence of at least one uncommon adverse event in infants related to the administration of the Chiron Men C vaccine.

Induction of immunologic memory by conjugated vs plain meningococcal C polysaccharide vaccine in toddlers: a randomized controlled trial.

Context: Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines are not used routinely in infants and toddlers, the groups at highest risk of invasive disease, because of poor immunologic responses to the Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C polysaccharide in these age groups. Meningococcal C conjugate vaccines offer the prospect of circumventing this problem.

Objective: To assess the immunogenicity and the induction of immunologic memory in toddlers by meningococcal C conjugate vaccine.

Microbiologic evaluation of needleless and needle-access devices.

Objective: This study was carried out to determine whether needleless intravenous access devices are more likely to allow microorganisms to enter the fluid pathway than intravenous needle-access devices.

Methods: A laboratory study was conducted with two needleless and one intravenous needle-access devices and Enterococcus faecium as a bacterial challenge. Inocula of E.

Bloodstream infections associated with a needleless intravenous infusion system in patients receiving home infusion therapy.

Objective: To determine risk factors for bloodstream infections (BSIs) in an outbreak among patients receiving home intravenous infusion therapy.

Design: Case-control and retrospective cohort studies.

Setting: Home health agency.

The effects of non-weight-bearing and limited motion on the tensile properties of the meniscus.

Recent clinical studies have suggested that many of the complications of prolonged immobilization after knee surgery can be prevented by permitting early motion while minimizing loading of healing tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of such a regimen on the tensile properties of the meniscus. The right knee of 10 skeletally mature sheep received a sham operation after which the hindlimb was placed in a harness that prevented weight bearing while permitting limited knee motion.

Effects of an in-substance conduit with injection of a blood clot on tears in the avascular region of the meniscus.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that healing of a stable tear in the avascular region of the meniscus occurs when a horizontal conduit, extending from the periphery to the defect, is filled with an exogenous fibrin clot. In 6 sheep a full-thickness laceration was made in the lateral meniscus, and autologous blood clot was then injected into the conduit. Three animals in the control group received identical meniscal tears but no additional treatment.

Effects of abrasion therapy on tears in the avascular region of sheep menisci.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that abrasion of the parameniscal synovium aids healing of a stable tear in the avascular region of the meniscus in a sheep model. In six sheep, a 5-7-mm longitudinal full-thickness tear was made in the avascular inner half of the anterior part of the lateral meniscus. The parameniscal synovium was abraded superiorly and inferiorly from the meniscus periphery to the lesion.

Experimental models to promote healing of tears in the avascular segment of canine knee menisci.

Longitudinal tears were created in canine lateral menisci and techniques were applied to induce healing by removal of a core of tissue from the periphery of the meniscus to the tear or by implantation of a vascularized synovial flap into the tear. The meniscal tears did not heal in knees that were not immobilized, and they healed poorly and sporadically in knees that were immobilized in a cast but bore some weight. However, a higher percentage of tears that were treated by the core-removal or synovial-flap technique healed when the knee was firmly immobilized and weight-bearing was prevented by the use of an external skeletal fixator across the joint for eight to twelve weeks.