Seasonal variations in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus of at different stand ages.

The seasonal variations in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) at the organ level of during different season are poorly understood. In this study, the C, N, P, and their stoichiometric ratios in various organs of during the four seasons are discussed. The middle and young aged forests in central Yunnan province, China were chosen, and the contents of C, N, and P in fine roots (<2 mm), stems, needles, and branches were analyzed.

Seasonal variation in δC of Pinus. yunnanensis and Pinus. armandii at different stand ages.

Seasonal drought is common in Yunnan province, and water is the dominant factor limiting the growth of Pinus. yunnanensis and Pinus. armandii.

Deep Learning with Taxonomic Loss for Plant Identification.

Plant identification is a fine-grained classification task which aims to identify the family, genus, and species according to plant appearance features. Inspired by the hierarchical structure of taxonomic tree, the taxonomic loss was proposed, which could encode the hierarchical relationships among multilevel labels into the deep learning objective function by simple group and sum operation. By training various neural networks on PlantCLEF 2015 and PlantCLEF 2017 datasets, the experimental results demonstrated that the proposed loss function was easy to implement and outperformed the most commonly adopted cross-entropy loss.