Fucoxanthin ameliorates ulcerative colitis by maintaining the epithelial barrier via blocking JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Background: The clinical efficacies of Ulcerative colitis (UC) are far from satisfactory. Fucoxanthin (FUC) is a marine carotenoid that is abundant in seaweed and microalgae. It has been reported that FUC can possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.

Recovery of nutrients from fish sludge to enhance the growth of microalga Chlorella sorokiniana CMBB276.

Intensive aquaculture production generates large amounts of sludge. This waste could be considered as a potential source of nutrients that can be recovered and utilized. Little attention has been paid to nutrient recovery from fish sludge.

Advanced treatment and Resource recovery of brewery wastewater by Co-cultivation of filamentous microalga Tribonema aequale and autochthonous Bacteria.

To use unicellular microalgae to remove waste nutrients from brewery wastewater while converting them into algal biomass has been explored but high-cost treatment and low-value biomass associated with current technologies have prevented this concept from further attempts. In this study, a filamentous microalga Tribonema aequale was introduced and the alga can grow vigorously in brewery wastewater and algal biomass concentration could be as high as 6.45 g L which can be harvested by a cost-effective filtration method.

Folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism as a potential antifungal target for the sustainable cultivation of microalga Haematococcus pluvialis.

Background: Microalgae are widely considered as multifunctional cell factories that are able to transform the photo-synthetically fixed CO to numerous high-value compounds, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and pigments. However, contamination of the algal mass culture with fungal parasites continues to threaten the production of algal biomass, which dramatically highlights the importance of developing effective measures to control the fungal infection. One viable solution is to identify potential metabolic pathways that are essential for fungal pathogenicity but are not obligate for algal growth, and to use inhibitors targeting such pathways to restrain the infection.

Fucoxanthin alleviated atherosclerosis by regulating PI3K/AKT and TLR4/NFκB mediated pyroptosis in endothelial cells.

Fucoxanthin, a type of natural xanthophyll carotenoid, is mainly present in seaweeds and various microalgae. This compound has been proved to possess multiple functions including antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-tumor. Atherosclerosis is widely deemed as a chronic inflammation disease, and as the basis of vascular obstructive disease.

Metabolomic analysis reveals astaxanthin biosynthesis in heterotrophic microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis.

The utilization of gibberellic acid-3, high carbon/nitrogen ratio and salinity concentration can effectively enhance astaxanthin biosynthesis in Chromochloris zofingiensis under the heterotrophic conditions, but the underlying mechanisms remained yet to be investigated. The metabolomics analysis revealed that enhancement of the glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathways (PPP), and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle led to astaxanthin accumulation under the induction conditions. The increased fatty acids can significantly increase astaxanthin esterification.

Microalgal glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase role in galactolipids and high-value storage lipid biosynthesis.

Glycerolipids are the most abundant lipids in microalgae, and glycerol-3-phosphate:acyl-CoA acyltransferase (GPAT) plays an important role in their biosynthesis. However, the biochemical and biological functions of algal GPAT remain poorly characterized. Here, we characterized the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated GPAT of the model unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrGPATer).

Regulation of Light Spectra on Cell Division of the Unicellular Green Alga : Insights from Physiological and Lipidomic Analysis.

Commercial scale production of natural astaxanthin is currently conducted through cultivation of the green alga . This study comprehensively investigated the impact of seven different light spectra on the growth, morphology and photosynthesis of vegetative cells. Further, the lipidomes of vegetative grown under various light spectra were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS).

Assessment of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Production from Filamentous Microalga : From Laboratory to Pilot-Scale Study.

It has long been explored to use EPA-rich unicellular microalgae as a fish oil alternative for production of the high-value omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3). However, none of the efforts have ever reached commercial success. This study reported a filamentous yellow-green microalga that possesses the ability to grow rapidly and synthesize significant amounts of EPA.

Oxidative stress facilitates infection of the unicellular alga Haematococcus pluvialis by the fungus Paraphysoderma sedebokerense.

Background: The green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is used as a cell factory for producing astaxanthin, the high-value carotenoid with multiple biological functions. However, H. pluvialis is prone to the infection by a parasitic fungus Paraphysoderma sedebokerense, which is the most devastating threat to the mass culture of H.

Effective Two-Stage Heterotrophic Cultivation of the Unicellular Green Microalga Enabled Ultrahigh Biomass and Astaxanthin Production.

has obtained particular interest as a promising candidate for natural astaxanthin production. In this study, we established a two-stage heterotrophic cultivation process, by using which both the growth of . and astaxanthin accumulation are substantially enhanced.

A Novel Bifunctional Wax Ester Synthase Involved in Early Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Unicellular Green Microalga Under High Light Stress.

The bulk of neutral lipids, including astaxanthin esters and triacylglycerols (TAGs), are accumulated in the green microalga under high light (HL) stress. In this study, a novel bifunctional wax ester synthase (WS) gene was cloned from upon HL stress. The overexpression of HpWS restored the biosynthesis of wax esters and TAGs in neutral lipid-deficient yeast mutant H1246 fed with C18 alcohol and C18:1/C18:3 fatty acids, respectively.

Heterotrophically Ultrahigh-Cell-Density Cultivation of a High Protein-Yielding Unicellular Alga With a Novel Nitrogen-Supply Strategy.

The unicellular green alga is an ideal protein source. However, the high production cost and low production capability of the current main photoautotrophic culture mode limit its application especially as an alternative protein source for food and feed, which might be overcome through high-cell-density cultivation in fermenters. In this study, a strain CMBB276 with high protein content was selected from five strains by comprehensive evaluation of their growth rates, protein contents, and yields.

Ultrahigh-cell-density heterotrophic cultivation of the unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana for biomass production.

Heterotrophic cultivation of Chlorella has achieved commercial success, but the application of Chlorella biomass is still limited due to the high cost of biomass production. In this study, an effective and industrially scalable heterotrphic cultivation technology has been developed for a production strain Chlorella sorokiniana GT-1. Under the optimized culturing conditions, the ultrahigh biomass concentration of 271 and 247 g L was achieved in 7.

High-cell-density cultivation of the flagellate alga Poterioochromonas malhamensis for biomanufacturing the water-soluble β-1,3-glucan with multiple biological activities.

The microalga Poterioochromonas malhamensis was found to be capable of accumulating the storage β-1,3-glucan in soluble form under heterotrophic conditions. In this study, the highest biomass yield of 32.8 g L was achieved by combining the utilization of ammonium chloride as the nitrogen source, simultaneous addition of vitamins B1 and B12 and maintenance of pH at 6.

Trophic Transition Enhanced Biomass and Lipid Production of the Unicellular Green Alga .

Microalgal heterotrophic cultivation is an emerging technology that can enable producing high cell-density algal cell cultures, which can be coupled with photoautotrophic cultivation for valuable chemicals such as lipids manufacturing. However, how the heterotrophically grown algal cells respond to the lipid-inducing conditions has not been fully elucidated so far. In this study, when the heterotrophically grown cells were subjected to the high light (HL) and nitrogen-limited (NL) conditions, both the biomass and lipid productivity were enhanced as compared to that of the photoautotrophically grown counterparts.

A Lipid Bodies-Associated Galactosyl Hydrolase Is Involved in Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis and Galactolipid Turnover in the Unicellular Green Alga .

Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) are the main constituent lipids of thylakoid and chloroplast envelop membranes. Many microalgae can accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols (TAGs) under adverse environmental conditions, which is accompanied by degradation of the photosynthetic membrane lipids. However, the process mediating the conversion from galactolipids to TAG remains largely unknown.

Interaction between the cell walls of microalgal host and fungal carbohydrate-activate enzymes is essential for the pathogenic parasitism process.

Fungi can parasitize microalgae, exerting profound impacts on both the aquatic ecosystems and microalgal mass cultures. In this study, the unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis and the blastocladialean fungus Paraphysoderma sedebokerense were used as a model system to address the mechanisms underlying the fungal parasitism on the algal host. High-throughput metabolic assay indicated that P.

Functional divergence of diacylglycerol acyltransferases in the unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis.

Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the final committed step in triacylglycerol biosynthesis in eukaryotes. In microalgae, the copy number of DGAT genes is extraordinarily expanded, yet the functions of many DGATs remain largely unknown. This study revealed that microalgal DGAT can function as a lysophosphatidic acyltransferase (LPAAT) both in vitro and in vivo while losing its original function as DGAT.

Identification and Biotechnical Potential of a Gcn5-Related N-Acetyltransferase Gene in Enhancing Microalgal Biomass and Starch Production.

Microalgae are promising feedstocks for starch production, which are precursors for bioenergy and chemicals manufacturing. Though starch biosynthesis has been intensively studied in the green alga , regulatory mechanisms governing starch metabolism in this model species have remained largely unknown to date. We proposed that altering triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis may trigger intrinsic regulatory pathways governing starch metabolism.

PGRL1 overexpression in Phaeodactylum tricornutum inhibits growth and reduces apparent PSII activity.

Proton gradient regulation 5-like photosynthetic phenotype 1 (PGRL1)-dependent cyclic electron transport around photosystem I (PSI) plays important roles in the response to different stresses, including high light. Although the function of PGRL1 in higher plants and green algae has been thoroughly investigated, little information is available on the molecular mechanism of PGRL1 in diatoms. We created PGRL1 overexpression and knockdown transformants of Phaeodactylum tricornutum, the diatom model species, and investigated the impact on growth and photosynthesis under constant and fluctuating light conditions.

Ultrahigh-cell-density heterotrophic cultivation of the unicellular green microalga Scenedesmus acuminatus and application of the cells to photoautotrophic culture enhance biomass and lipid production.

Although production of biodiesels from microalgae is proved to be technically feasible, a commercially viable system has yet to emerge. High-cell-density fermentation of microalgae can be coupled with photoautotrophic cultivation to produce oils. In this study, by optimizing culturing conditions and employing a sophisticated substrate feed control strategy, ultrahigh-cell-density of 286 and 283.

Solid Matrix-Supported Supercritical CO₂ Enhances Extraction of γ-Linolenic Acid from the Cyanobacterium () and Bioactivity Evaluation of the Molecule in Zebrafish.

Marine cyanobacteria represent a large untapped source of functional glycolipids enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for human health. However, advanced methods for scalable isolation of diverse species containing high-purity PUFA-rich glycolipids will have to be developed and their possible pharmaceutical and nutraceutical functions identified. This paper introduces a novel solid matrix-supported supercritical CO₂ extraction method for scalable isolation of the PUFA γ-linolenic acid (GLA)-enriched glycolipids from the cyanobacterium () , which has been the most widely used among microalgae in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerol Molecules with a Tailored PUFA Profile in Industrial Microalgae.

The composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in triacylglycerols (TAGs) is key to health benefits and for oil applications, yet the underlying genetic mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, by in silico, ex vivo, and in vivo profiling of type-2 diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT2s) in Nannochloropsis oceanica we revealed two novel PUFA-preferring enzymes that discriminate individual PUFA species in TAG assembly, with NoDGAT2J for linoleic acid (LA) and NoDGAT2K for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The LA and EPA composition of TAG molecules is mediated in vivo via the functional partitioning between NoDGAT2J and 2K, both of which are localized in the chloroplast envelope.

Raman-Activated Droplet Sorting (RADS) for Label-Free High-Throughput Screening of Microalgal Single-Cells.

Raman-activated cell sorting (RACS) has attracted increasing interest, yet throughput remains one major factor limiting its broader application. Here we present an integrated Raman-activated droplet sorting (RADS) microfluidic system for functional screening of live cells in a label-free and high-throughput manner, by employing AXT-synthetic industrial microalga Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) as a model.