Twenty-four weeks of combined training in different environments, aquatic and land, in the type 2 diabetes management (Aquatic and Land Exercise for Diabetes -ALED): protocol of a randomized clinical trial.

Background: Physical exercise is crucial in type 2 diabetes management (T2D), and training in the aquatic environment seems to be a promising alternative due to its physical properties and metabolic, functional, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular benefits. Research on combined training in aquatic and dry-land training environments is scarce, especially in long-term interventions. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effects of combined training in both environments on health outcomes related to the management of T2D patients.

Differential contribution of elbow flexion and knee extension on vascular and hemodynamic parameters and arterial stiffness indices after acute strength exercise in young adults.

Background: Different types of exercise, performed acutely or chronically, have different repercussions on central hemodynamics, arterial stiffness, and cardiac function. In this study, we aim to compare the effects of acute elbow flexion (EFlex) and knee extension (KExt) exercises on vascular and hemodynamic parameters and arterial stiffness indices in healthy young adults.

Methods: Young adults (20 to 39 years) underwent randomized muscle strength tests to obtain 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for elbow flexion (EFlex) and knee extension (KExt).

An acute bout of resistance exercise increases BDNF in hippocampus and restores the long-term memory of insulin-resistant rats.

A sedentary lifestyle, inadequate diet, and obesity are substantial risk factors for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development. A major picture of T2DM is insulin resistance (IR), which causes many impairments in brain physiology, such as increased proinflammatory state and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration, hence reducing cognitive function. Physical exercise is a non-pharmacological tool for managing T2DM/IR and its complications.

Long-term heat acclimation training in mice: Similar metabolic and running performance adaptations despite a lower absolute intensity than training at temperate conditions.

This study investigated the impact of long-term heat acclimation (HA) training on mouse thermoregulation, metabolism, and running performance in temperate (T) and hot (H) environments. Male Swiss mice were divided into 1) Sedentary (SED) mice kept in T (22 °C; SED/T), 2) Endurance Trained mice (ET, 1 h/day, 5 days/week, 8 weeks, 60 % of maximum speed) in T (ET/T), 3) SED kept in H (32 °C; SED/H), and 4) ET in H (ET/H). All groups performed incremental load tests (ILT) in both environments before (pre-ET) and after four and eight weeks of ET.

Ad libitum ice slurry ingestion and half-marathon performance in a hot environment: A study comparing the effects of the amount and moment of ingestion between ice slurry and water at 37 °C.

Ice slurry ingestion during prolonged exercises may improve performance in hot environments; however, the ideal amount and timing of ingestion are still uncertain. We determined whether ad libitum ice slurry ingestion influences physiological and perceptual variables and half-marathon performance while comparing the effects of the amount and moment of ingestion between ice slurry and water at 37 °C. Ten trained participants (28 ± 2 years; mean and SD) were required to run two half marathons while consuming either ice slurry (-1 °C; Ad-1) or water (37 °C; 37 CE) ad libitum.

Chronic supplementation of noni in diabetic type 1-STZ rats: effects on glycemic levels, kidney toxicity and exercise performance.

Noni is a fruit with potential medicinal use preventing elevated blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus. Its effects have been attributed to an antioxidant property in several other diseases. However, the effects of noni-chronic supplementation on exercise performance in the presence of diabetes conditions are not known.

Sleep impairment and altered pattern of circadian biomarkers during a long-term Antarctic summer camp.

Antarctic expeditions include isolation and exposure to cold and extreme photoperiods (with continuous natural light during summer) that may influence psychophysiological responses modulated by luminosity and sleep. We assessed changes in night sleep patterns by actigraphy, salivary biomarkers, and perceptual variables in seven participants in the following time points along a 50-day camping expedition in Antarctica (Nelson Island): Pre-Field (i.e.

Core body temperatures of rats subjected to treadmill exercise to fatigue or exhaustion: The journal toolbox.

This study systematically reviewed the literature reporting the changes in rats' core body temperature (T) induced by either incremental- or constant-speed running to fatigue or exhaustion. In addition, multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the factors contributing to the T values attained when exercise was interrupted. Four databases (EMBASE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) were searched in October 2021, and this search was updated in August 2022.

Acute exercise modulates the inflammatory response in adipose tissue in both lean and obese mice.

Objectives: Acute physical exercise acts as a metabolic stressor, promoting activation of the immune system, and this response could be relevant in the adipose tissue remodeling process. In addition, some cytokines have important functions in lipolysis. Because chronic exercise improves obesity-related metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction, herein we investigated the effect of acute exercise on the inflammatory responses in the adipose tissues of lean and obese mice.

Combined Training Improves Executive Functions Without Changing Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels of Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) provokes executive function and long-term memory decrements, and aerobic plus resistance training (combined training) may alleviate this T2DM-related cognitive impairment. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels have been found to be related to cognitive performance.

Aim: To analyze the effects of 8-week combined training on executive functions and circulating BDNF levels of subjects with T2DM and verify the association between BDNF levels and combined training-induced changes in executive functions and long-term memory.

Predicting the body core temperature of recreational athletes at the end of a 10 km self-paced run under environmental heat stress.

New Findings: What is the central question of this study? The aim was to identify the factors predicting the body core temperature of athletes at the end of a 10 km self-paced run in a hot environment. What is the main finding and its importance? Hyperthermia in athletes subjected to self-paced running depends on several factors, highlighting the integrated control of core temperature during exercise under environmental heat stress. Five of the seven variables that significantly predicted core temperature are not invasive and, therefore, practical for use outside the laboratory environment: heart rate, sweat rate, wet-bulb globe temperature, running speed and maximal oxygen consumption.

Acute bouts of aerobic and resistance exercise similarly alter inhibitory control and response time while inversely modifying plasma BDNF concentrations in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes.

Impairments in several domains of cognitive functions are observed in people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), often accompanied by low Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations. Although aerobic and resistance exercise enhances cognitive functions and raises BDNF concentrations in several populations, it remained uncertain in T2DM subjects. This study compared the effects of a single bout of aerobic (AER, 40 min of treadmill walk at 90-95% of the maximum walk speed) or resistance (RES, 3 × 10 repetitions in eight exercises at 70% of 10-RM) exercise on specific cognitive domain performance and plasma BDNF concentrations of physically active T2DM subjects.

Active warm-up and time-of-day effects on repeated-sprint performance and post-exercise recovery.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of both an active warm-up and the time-of-day variation on repeated-sprint performance. A second objective was to compare the post-exercise recovery between the experimental conditions.

Methods: Eleven male participants performed ten maximal cycling sprints (6 s each, with a 30-s interval between them) in the morning and late afternoon, either after a warm-up or control condition.

A 32-day long fieldwork in Antarctica improves heat tolerance during physical exercise.

We evaluated the influence of a 32-day camping in Antarctica on physical performance and exercise-induced thermoregulatory responses. In Brazil, before and after the Antarctic camping, the volunteers performed an incremental exercise at temperate conditions and, two days later, an exercise heat stress protocol (45-min running at 60% of maximum aerobic speed, at 31°C and 60% of relative humidity). In Antarctica, core temperature was assessed on a day of fieldwork, and average values higher than 38.

Combination of Aerobic Training and Cocoa Flavanols as Effective Therapies to Reduce Metabolic and Inflammatory Disruptions in Insulin-Resistant Rats: The Exercise, Cocoa, and Diabetes Study.

We aimed to investigate the combined effects of aerobic exercise (EXE) and cocoa flavanol (COCOA) supplementation on performance, metabolic parameters, and inflammatory and lipid profiles in obese insulin-resistant rats. Therefore, 32 male Wistar rats (230-250 g) were fed a high-fat diet and a fructose-rich beverage for 30 days to induce insulin resistance. Next, the rats were randomized into four groups, orally administered placebo solution or COCOA supplementation (45 mg·kg-1), and either remained sedentary or were subjected to EXE on a treadmill at 60% peak velocity for 30 min, for 8 weeks.

Thirty days of combined consumption of a high-fat diet and fructose-rich beverages promotes insulin resistance and modulates inflammatory response and histomorphometry parameters of liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue in Wistar rats.

Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the effects of consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with fructose-rich beverages (FRT) in promoting metabolic and physiologic changes associated with insulin resistance.

Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats (250 ± 10 g) were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 8) that received either a standard diet (CON), HFD, FRT, or HFD + FRT for 30 d. Insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance were evaluated using the insulin tolerance test (ITT) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

Physical exercise-induced thermoregulatory responses in trained rats: Effects of manipulating the duration and intensity of aerobic training sessions.

This study investigated the effects of increasing the intensity and/or duration of aerobic training sessions on thermoregulatory responses in rats subjected to exercises in temperate and warm environments. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: a control (CON) group and three groups that were subjected to an 8-week aerobic training, during which the physical overload was achieved by predominantly increasing the exercise intensity (INT), duration (DUR) or by increasing both in an alternate manner (ID). During the last week of training, the rats received an abdominal sensor implant to measure their core body temperature (T) by telemetry.

Combined exercise training improves specific domains of cognitive functions and metabolic markers in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aim: To investigate the effects of 8-weeks of CT on specific domains of cognitive function, metabolic and cardiovascular parameters of subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: 31 sedentary T2DM adults and older divided into CT (3x/week, during 8-week, n = 16) or Control group (CONT, n = 15). Before and after the intervention, a cognitive task battery, blood samples, and functional tests were assessed.

The magnitude of physical exercise-induced hyperthermia is associated with changes in the intestinal permeability and expression of tight junction genes in rats.

We investigated whether the magnitude of exercise-induced hyperthermia influences intestinal permeability and tight junction gene expression. Twenty-nine male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: rest at 24 °C and exercise at 13 °C, 24 °C or 31 °C. The exercise consisted of a 90-min treadmill run at 15 m/min, and different ambient temperatures were used to produce distinct levels of exercise-induced hyperthermia.

Hormonal, autonomic cardiac and mood states changes during an Antarctic expedition: From ship travel to camping in Snow Island.

We evaluated the influence of an Antarctic expedition, consisting of 26-day ship travel followed by 24-day camping in the Antarctic field during the summer season, on hormonal responses, autonomic cardiac control, and mood states in individuals that live in tropical regions. Data collection was carried out in 10 individuals on the 2nd, 16th, and 26th days aboard the ship (characterized by exposure to low-luminosity and temperature-controlled environments) and on the 4th, 11th, and 23rd days of camping in the Antarctic field (prolonged exposure to natural luminosity and cold environments). Morning samples of saliva (to determine testosterone and cortisol concentrations) and blood [to determine thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations] were obtained.

Mechanisms underlying fat pad remodeling induced by fasting: role of PAF receptor.

Objectives: Fasting has long been practiced for political and religious reasons and to lose weight. However, biological responses during fasting have yet to be fully understood. Previous studies have shown that cytokines may control fat pad expansion, at least in part, owing to the induction of lipolysis.

Role of adipose tissue inflammation in fat pad loss induced by fasting in lean and mildly obese mice.

Inflammation induced by obesity contributes to insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Indeed, high levels of proinflammatory cytokines trigger chronic low-grade inflammation and promote detrimental metabolic effects in the adipose tissue. On the other hand, inflammation seems to control fat pad expansion and to have important functions on lipolysis and glucose metabolism.

The effect of acute cocoa flavanol intake on the BOLD response and cognitive function in type 1 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded cross-over pilot study.

Rationale: Type 1 diabetes (T1D), a chronic autoimmune disease, can result in cognitive dysfunction and is associated with vascular dysfunction. Cocoa flavanols (CFs) can stimulate nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation, resulting in enhanced hemodynamic responses and better cognitive function.

Objectives: To investigate whether acute CF supplementation can improve cognitive function and hemodynamic responses in T1D.

Aerobic training induces differential expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissues.

Aerobic training induces adaptive responses in skeletal muscles and white adipose tissues, thus facilitating lipid utilization as energy substrates during a physical exercise session. However, the effects of training on cytokines levels and on transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism in muscle and different white adipose depots are still unclear; therefore, these were the aims of the present study. Nineteen adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to a trained group or a control, non-trained group.

Pre-exercise exposure to the treadmill setup changes the cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses induced by subsequent treadmill running in rats.

Different methodological approaches have been used to conduct experiments with rats subjected to treadmill running. Some experimenters have exposed rats to the treadmill setup before initiating exercise to minimize the influences of handling and being placed in an anxiety-inducing environment on the physiological responses to subsequent running. Other experimenters have subjected rats to exercise immediately after placing them on the treadmill.