Cannabinoids as Antibacterial Agents: A Systematic and Critical Review of In Vitro Efficacy Against and .

Background: Two major bacterial pathogens, and , are becoming increasingly antibiotic-resistant. Despite the urgency, only a few new antibiotics have been approved to address these infections. Although cannabinoids have been noted for their antibacterial properties, a comprehensive review of their effects on these bacteria has been lacking.

Population pharmacokinetics of unbound cefazolin in infected hospitalized patients requiring intermittent high-flux haemodialysis: can a three-times-weekly post-dialysis dosing regimen provide optimal treatment?

Objectives: To describe the population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in infected hospitalized patients requiring intermittent haemodialysis (IHD).

Methods: This prospective population pharmacokinetic study was conducted in IHD patients prescribed cefazolin 2 g three times weekly. Plasma samples were collected at prespecified timepoints and assayed for total and unbound concentrations using validated LC.

Demographic, clinical and molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli bloodstream infections in Central Australia.

We describe the demographics, clinical and molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli bloodstream infections (BSI) in Central Australia. All ESBL-producing E. coli bloodstream isolates from January 2018 to December 2020 were retrospectively identified.

Epidemiology, clinical outcomes and risk factors of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant hospitalized infections in remote Australia-a case-control study.

Background: Incidence of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR) infections has increased in remote Australia from 2012 to 2018.

Objectives: To describe the epidemiology of 3GCR in Central Australia.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted in the primary Central Australian hospital.

Validating a novel three-times-weekly post-hemodialysis ceftriaxone regimen in infected Indigenous Australian patients-a population pharmacokinetic study.

Objectives: To describe the total and unbound population pharmacokinetics of a 2 g three-times-weekly post-dialysis ceftriaxone regimen in Indigenous Australian patients requiring hemodialysis.

Methods: A pharmacokinetic study was carried out in the dialysis unit of a remote Australian hospital. Adult Indigenous patients on intermittent hemodialysis (using a high-flux dialyzer) and treated with a 2 g three-times-weekly ceftriaxone regimen were recruited.

Prediction accuracy of commonly used pneumonia severity scores in Aboriginal patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective study.

Background: Severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) is highly prevalent in the Aboriginal population. Few pneumonia severity scores are validated in this population.

Aims: To assess the prediction accuracy of pneumonia severity scores in Aboriginal patients with SCAP and to identify risk factors for poor prognosis.

Antimicrobial stewardship in rural and remote primary health care: a narrative review.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging problem worldwide and poses a significant threat to human health. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes are being implemented in health systems globally, primarily in hospitals, to address the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. Despite the significance of primary health care services in providing health care to communities, antimicrobial stewardship programmes are not well established in this sector, especially in rural and remote settings.

The impact of infectious diseases consultation on the management and outcomes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia in adults: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia (PAB) is associated with high mortality. The benefits of infectious diseases consultation (IDC) has been demonstrated in Staphylococcal aureus bacteraemia and other complex infections. Impact of IDC in PAB is unclear.

Evaluating antimicrobial prescribing practice in Australian remote primary healthcare clinics.

Background: Inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing contributes to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Gaps exist in the understanding of antimicrobial prescribing in the remote setting. We aimed to assess adherence to guidelines and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing in Central Australia.

Epidemiology and microbiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia in Central Australia: a retrospective study.

Background: Severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) has high mortality and morbidity.

Aims: To describe the epidemiology and microbiology of SCAP in Central Australia.

Methods: A retrospective epidemiological study describing the characteristics, incidence rates (IR) and microbiological aetiology of SCAP in Central Australia.

Total and unbound ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics in critically ill Australian Indigenous patients with severe sepsis.

In the absence of specific data to guide optimal dosing, this study aimed to describe the pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in severely septic Australian Indigenous patients and to assess achievement of the pharmacodynamic target of the regimens prescribed. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in a remote hospital intensive care unit in patients receiving ceftriaxone dosing of 1 g every 12 h (q12h). Serial blood and urine samples were collected over one dosing interval on two consecutive days.

Optimising meropenem dosing in critically ill Australian Indigenous patients with severe sepsis.

Currently there are no pharmacokinetic (PK) data to guide antibiotic dosing in critically ill Australian Indigenous patients with severe sepsis. This study aimed to determine whether the population pharmacokinetics of meropenem were different between critically ill Australian Indigenous and critically ill Caucasian patients. Serial plasma and urine samples as well as clinical and demographic data were collected over two dosing intervals from critically ill Australian Indigenous patients.

Pharmacokinetics of Piperacillin in Critically Ill Australian Indigenous Patients with Severe Sepsis.

There are no available pharmacokinetic data to guide piperacillin dosing in critically ill Australian Indigenous patients despite numerous reported physiological differences. This study aimed to describe the population pharmacokinetics of piperacillin in critically ill Australian Indigenous patients with severe sepsis. A population pharmacokinetic study of Indigenous patients with severe sepsis was conducted in a remote hospital intensive care unit.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations for the optimization of antimicrobial delivery in the critically ill.

Purpose Of Review: Antimicrobials are very commonly used drugs in the intensive care setting. Extensive research has been conducted in recent years to describe their pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in order to maximize the pharmacological benefit and patient outcome. Translating these new findings into clinical practice is encouraged.

Interethnic differences in pharmacokinetics of antibacterials.

Background: Optimal antibacterial dosing is imperative for maximising clinical outcome. Many factors can contribute to changes in the pharmacokinetics of antibacterials to the extent where dose adjustment may be needed. In acute illness, substantial changes in important pharmacokinetic parameters such as volume of distribution and clearance can occur for certain antibacterials.