Herbivore-induced plant volatiles accurately predict history of coexistence, diet breadth, and feeding mode of herbivores.

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) serve as specific cues to higher trophic levels. Novel, exotic herbivores entering native foodwebs may disrupt the infochemical network as a result of changes in HIPV profiles. Here, we analysed HIPV blends of native Brassica rapa plants infested with one of 10 herbivore species with different coexistence histories, diet breadths and feeding modes.

Aboveground and Belowground Herbivores Synergistically Induce Volatile Organic Sulfur Compound Emissions from Shoots but Not from Roots.

Studies on aboveground (AG) plant organs have shown that volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions differ between simultaneous attack by herbivores and single herbivore attack. There is growing evidence that interactive effects of simultaneous herbivory also occur across the root-shoot interface. In our study, Brassica rapa roots were infested with root fly larvae (Delia radicum) and the shoots infested with Pieris brassicae, either singly or simultaneously, to study these root-shoot interactions.

Characterizing volatiles and attractiveness of five brassicaceous plants with potential for a 'push-pull' strategy toward the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) released by plants are involved in various orientation processes of herbivorous insects and consequently play a crucial role in their reproductive success. In the context of developing new strategies for crop protection, several studies have previously demonstrated the possibility to limit insect density on crops using either host or non-host plants that release attractive or repellent VOCs, respectively. The cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, is an important pest of brassicaceous crops for which control methods have to be implemented.

Alien interference: disruption of infochemical networks by invasive insect herbivores.

Insect herbivores trigger various biochemical changes in plants, and as a consequence, affect other organisms that are associated with these plants. Such plant-mediated indirect effects often involve herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that can be used as cues for foraging herbivores and their natural enemies, and are also known to affect pollinator attraction. In tightly co-evolved systems, the different trophic levels are expected to display adaptive response to changes in HIPVs caused by native herbivores.

Tracing hidden herbivores: time-resolved non-invasive analysis of belowground volatiles by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS).

Root herbivores are notoriously difficult to study, as they feed hidden in the soil. However, root herbivores may be traced by analyzing specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are produced by damaged roots. These VOCs not only support parasitoids in the localization of their host, but also may help scientists study belowground plant-herbivore interactions.

Four terpene synthases produce major compounds of the gypsy moth feeding-induced volatile blend of Populus trichocarpa.

After herbivore damage, many plants increase their emission of volatile compounds, with terpenes usually comprising the major group of induced volatiles. Populus trichocarpa is the first woody species with a fully sequenced genome, enabling rapid molecular approaches towards characterization of volatile terpene biosynthesis in this and other poplar species. We identified and characterized four terpene synthases (PtTPS1-4) from P.

Influence of lyophilization, fluidized bed drying, addition of protectants, and storage on the viability of lactic acid bacteria.

Aims: The present study focuses on the impact of two different drying technologies and the influence of protectants on process survival and storage stability of the two lactic acid bacterial strains Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus plantarum.

Methods And Results: After incubation with the protectants glucose, sucrose, trehalose, and maltodextrin the concentrated bacterial suspensions were subjected to fluidized bed drying and lyophilization and subsequently stored at 4, 22, and 35 degrees C for half a year. Lactobacillus plantarum turned out to be more sensitive to both drying methods than Ent.

Bacillus stearothermophilus for thermophilic production of L-lactic acid.

A process for the continuous production of high purity L-lactic acid in a membrane bioreactor at 65 degrees C has been developed. Two different Bacillus stearothermophilus strains have been tested in batch experiments. Lactic acid yields are between 60 and more than 95% of theoretical yields.

Biotechnological production of acrylic acid from biomass.

The quantitative conversion of lactic acid to acrylic acid would open a new market for renewable resources within the chemical industry. This paper focuses on the theoretical ways of producing acrylics out of renewable resources. It summarizes possible fermentation routes from carbohydrates to acrylic acid and reviews former research activities in this area.

The aerobic stability of silages influenced by metabolites of lactic acid bacteria.

The stability of silages after opening the silo depends strongly on the products formed by the microorganism flora present during the conservation process. A silage additive developed at IFA-Tulln showed best results on different crops. In the starting phase of silage fermentation, acetic acid was formed by the heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria L.

Thermophilic lactic acid production on hemicellulose hydrolysate.

Lactic acid has many applications. It can be utilised as road-deicing agent, in the food industry or--after polymerisation--as a biodegradable plastic. The use of lignocellulose biomass will significantly increase the competitiveness of lactic acid-based polymers compared to conventional petroleum based plastics.

Dilute acid hydrolysis of presscakes from silage and grass to recover hemicellulose-derived sugars.

Grass and silage presscakes from various types of raw materials were hydrolyzed with dilute acid at moderate conditions to recover hemicellulose-derived sugars. Extracting the material with cold water prior to hydrolysis significantly increased the yield. The poor performance without extraction was due to the high buffer capacity of the material.

Effect of wood ash treatment on improving the fermentability of wood hydrolysate.

Softwood hydrolysates were overlimed with wood ash to improve the fermentability of hydrolysates. It could be demonstrated in fermentation tests that wood ash treatment increases fermentability compared to the hydrolysates untreated and treated with alkaline compounds such as Ca(OH)(2), NaOH, and KOH, which are commonly used for overliming. The enhanced fermentability of the hydrolysate treated with wood ash is due to the reduction of the inhibitors of the fermentation such as furan and phenolic compounds and to nutrient effects of some inorganic components from the wood ash on the fermentation.

The role of Lactobacillus buchneri in forage preservation.

In 1996 Wienberg and Muck proposed to implement Lactobacillus buchneri in silage starters. The main reason for the use of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria is the increased stability of silages against deterioration by yeasts and moulds when exposed to air. In the following years, the unique activity of L.

Acetic acid increases stability of silage under aerobic conditions.

The effects of various compounds on the aerobic stability of silages were evaluated. It has been observed that inoculation of whole-crop maize with homofermentative lactic acid bacteria leads to silages which have low stability against aerobic deterioration, while inoculation with heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactobacillus brevis or Lactobacillus buchneri, increases stability. Acetic acid has been proven to be the sole substance responsible for the increased aerobic stability, and this acid acts as an inhibitor of spoilage organisms.

Thermophilic production of lactic acid using integrated membrane bioreactor systems coupled with monopolar electrodialysis.

The thermophilic Bacillus strain BS119 was selected for this study to demonstrate the long term performance of lactic acid production and simultaneous pre-purification. Integrated continuous cell recycle cultivation using ultra-filtration membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems was investigated. The permeate from the MBR was routed to an on-line electrodialysis (ED) to recover, pre-purify and concentrate lactate.

Process development and optimisation of lactic acid purification using electrodialysis.

Cell free sodium lactate solutions were subjected to purification based on mono- and bi-polar electrodialysis. Lactate concentration in the product stream increased to a maximum of 15% during mono-polar electrodialysis. Stack energy consumption averaged 0.

Thermophilic fermentation of hydrolysates: the effect of inhibitors on growth of thermophilic bacteria.

Lignocellulosic biomass has great potential as a cheap feedstock in biological processes to produce biofuels or chemicals; however, dilute acid pretreatment at high temperatures produces undesirable compounds. Toxicity tests were done with inhibitors in standard media, to predict the growth-limiting effects on thermophilic strains. The 22 inhibitors included furfural, levulinic acid, acetic acid, and cinnamaldehyde.

Dilute-acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse at varying conditions.

Sugarcane bagasse, a byproduct of the cane sugar industry, is an abundant source of hemicellulose that could be hydrolyzed to yield a fermentation feedstock for the production of fuel ethanol and chemicals. The effects of sulfuric acid concentration, temperature, time, and dry matter concentration on hemicellulose hydrolysis were studied with a 20-L batch hydrolysis reactor using a statistical experimental design. Even at less severe conditions considerable amounts (>29%) of the hemicellulose fraction could be extracted.

Isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients of phosphoglucomutase and esterases from the spiny lobster.

A method is described for detecting polymorphisms of cephalothorax and tail homogenates of 25 puerulus staged Panulirus argus in phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and esterases. Isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients was used. In the pH 6.

[Clinical and bacteriologic effectiveness of ceftazidime in infections with gram-positive pathogens].

From June 1984 to March 1985 an open, multicenter study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ceftazidime in the empirical treatment of severe nosocomial infections. 3799 patients treated in 513 clinical care units were included and 3477 were evaluable. The majority was older than 60 years; most patients showed severe underlying diseases and were in a critical condition.

[Cytoarchitecture and histochemical fluorescence studies of the cingulate cortex in the rat].

The cingular cortex of the rat was examined by means of Golgi's rapid impregnation technique, the glyoxylic acid technique for the detection of biogenic amines and a ninhydrin reaction in the octanoic milieu for the detection of GABA. Six interneuron types are described, differing with respects to their dendrite configurations and axon morphology. The noradrenaline innervation shows considerable differences as compared to the dopamine fibre system.

[Changes in Golgi rapid impregnation in the caudate-putamen complex of the rat after pharmacologic pretreatment].

The neostriatum of adult rats was investigated by means of the Golgi rapid impregnation procedure following surgical (unilateral stereotaxic MFB lesions or complete deafferentation) and pharmacological (i.p. application of pargyline, amphetamine, reserpine, haloperidol in submaximal doses) pretreatments, respectively.

[Further studies on the cytoarchitecture of the nucleus accumbens septi of the rat].

The aim of the work presented here was to make some contributions on the elucidation of the cytoarchitecture of the nucleus accumbens septi of adult rat. After application of the rapid Golgi impregnation technique, five neuron types covered with spines and three aspiny neurons types could be distinguished. After DEP-pretreatment, two neuron types proved to be AChE-reactive.