Stable laser-acceleration of high-flux proton beams with plasma collimation.

Laser-plasma acceleration of protons offers a compact, ultra-fast alternative to conventional acceleration techniques, and is being widely pursued for potential applications in medicine, industry and fundamental science. Creating a stable, collimated beam of protons at high repetition rates presents a key challenge. Here, we demonstrate the generation of multi-MeV proton beams from a fast-replenishing ambient-temperature liquid sheet.

Craving inclusion: a systematic review on the experiences and needs of people with disability eating out.

Purpose: To systematically review the research relating to views and experiences of people with disability eating out in cafés, restaurants, and other settings; and identify factors that impede or enhance accessibility of eating out experiences, inform future inclusive research, and guide policy development.

Materials And Methods: This study involved systematic search and review procedures with qualitative metasynthesis of the barriers to and facilitators for participation and inclusion in eating/dining-out activities. In total, 36 studies were included.

Longitudinal multi-omics study of palbociclib resistance in HR-positive/HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer.

Background: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6) therapy plus endocrine therapy (ET) is an effective treatment for patients with hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer (HR+/HER2- MBC); however, resistance is common and poorly understood. A comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic analysis of pretreatment and post-treatment tumors from patients receiving palbociclib plus ET was performed to delineate molecular mechanisms of drug resistance.

Methods: Tissue was collected from 89 patients with HR+/HER2- MBC, including those with recurrent and/or metastatic disease, receiving palbociclib plus an aromatase inhibitor or fulvestrant at Samsung Medical Center and Seoul National University Hospital from 2017 to 2020.

An investigation into the adsorption mechanism of -butanol by ZIF-8: a combined experimental and molecular dynamics approach.

The zeolitic imidazolate framework, ZIF-8, has been shown by experimental methods to have a maximum saturation adsorption capacity of 0.36 g g for -butanol from aqueous solution, equivalent to a loading of 14 butanol molecules per unit cell or 7 molecules per sodalite β-cage. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) shows the presence of hydrogen bonding between adsorbed butanol molecules within the cage; the presence of three different O-H stretching modes indicates the formation of butanol clusters of varying size.

Rapid adaptation to CDK2 inhibition exposes intrinsic cell-cycle plasticity.

CDK2 is a core cell-cycle kinase that phosphorylates many substrates to drive progression through the cell cycle. CDK2 is hyperactivated in multiple cancers and is therefore an attractive therapeutic target. Here, we use several CDK2 inhibitors in clinical development to interrogate CDK2 substrate phosphorylation, cell-cycle progression, and drug adaptation in preclinical models.

Evaluating the impact of the metastatic spinal cord compression coordinator in a regional cancer network: a prospective, non-randomized pilot study.

Background: Extradural metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) is a debilitating and potentially irreversible complication of cancer. Delay in treatment could lead to irreversible neurological damage, adverse quality of life and a burden on health care resources. Lack of effective communication between teams has been identified as one of the reasons for delay in treatment.

Highly active and magnetically recoverable heterogeneous catalyst for hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass into high quality bio-oil.

This article reports a safe, low-cost, and industrially applicable magnetite supported on activated carbon catalyst that can be magnetically retrieved from the solid and reused multiple times without the need of a regeneration step. The FeO/C catalyst improved the bio-oil yield by 19.7 ± 0.

Synthesis and spectroscopic identification of nickel and cobalt layered hydroxides and hydroxynitrates.

The formation of different nickel and cobalt layered hydroxide phases by a variety of solution and solid-state synthesis methods has been investigated. Initially, preparative methods were refined to generate single-phase products from metal(II) nitrate hexahydrate starting materials which were then characterised by powder X-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. As well as the brucite type β-M(OH) and the hydrotalcite-like [M(OH)(HO)] alpha-phases (where M = Ni, Co), two different hydroxynitrate phases were isolated with the generic formula M(OH)(NO) with = 0.

Views on the usability, design, and future possibilities of a 3D food printer for people with dysphagia: outcomes of an immersive experience.

Purpose: Although 3D food printing is expected to enable the creation of visually appealing pureed food for people with disability and dysphagia, little is known about the user experience in engaging with 3D food printing or the feasibility of use with populations who need texture-modified foods. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility and usability of using domestic-scale 3D food printer as an assistive technology to print pureed food into attractive food shapes for people with dysphagia.

Materials And Methods: In total, 16 participants engaged in the unfamiliar, novel process of using a domestic-scale 3D food printer (choosing, printing, tasting), designed for printing pureed food, and discussed their impressions in focus group or individual interviews.

Hierarchical Assembly of a Micro- and Macroporous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework with Tailored Single-Crystal Size.

Porous organic molecular materials represent an emergent field of research in Chemistry and Materials Science due to their unique combination of properties. To enhance their performance and expand the number of applications, the incorporation of hierarchical porosity is required, as exclusive microporosity entails several limitations. However, the integration of macropores in porous organic molecular materials is still an outstanding challenge.

Evaluation of the Vapor Hydrolysis of Lithium Aluminum Hydride for Mobile Fuel Cell Applications.

The controlled vapor hydrolysis of LiAlH has been investigated as a safe and predictable method to generate hydrogen for mobile fuel cell applications. A purpose-built vapor hydrolysis cell manufactured by Intelligent Energy Ltd. was used as the reaction vessel.

Pathologic Inflammation in Malnutrition Is Driven by Proinflammatory Intestinal Microbiota, Large Intestine Barrier Dysfunction, and Translocation of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide.

Acute malnutrition, or wasting, is implicated in over half of all deaths in children under five and increases risk of infectious disease. Studies in humans and preclinical models have demonstrated that malnutrition is linked to an immature intestinal microbiota characterized by increased prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae. Observational studies in children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) have also observed heightened systemic inflammation and increased circulating bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS; endotoxin).

Randomised controlled trial of interventions for bothersome tinnitus: Desyncra versus cognitive behavioural therapy.

Objective: Compare the relative efficacy of Desyncra and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).

Design And Study Sample: Sixty-one participants were randomly assigned to receive either Desyncra ( = 29) or CBT ( = 32). Randomisation included stratification regarding current hearing aid (HA) use.

GPR120 Inhibits Colitis Through Regulation of CD4 T Cell Interleukin 10 Production.

Background & Aims: G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 120 has been implicated in regulating metabolic syndromes with anti-inflammatory function. However, the role of GPR120 in intestinal inflammation is unknown. Here, we investigated whether and how GPR120 regulates CD4 T cell function to inhibit colitis development.

Expanding control of the tumor cell cycle with a CDK2/4/6 inhibitor.

The CDK4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib (PAL), significantly improves progression-free survival in HR/HER2 breast cancer when combined with anti-hormonals. We sought to discover PAL resistance mechanisms in preclinical models and through analysis of clinical transcriptome specimens, which coalesced on induction of MYC oncogene and Cyclin E/CDK2 activity. We propose that targeting the G kinases CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6 with a small-molecule overcomes resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition.

The evolution of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors in the treatment of cancer.

The cell cycle cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play a critical role in controlling the transition between cell cycle phases, as well as cellular transcription. Aberrant CDK activation is common in cancer, and deregulation of the cell cycle a key hallmark of cancer. Although CDK4/6 inhibitors are now a standard-of-care option for first- and second-line HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer, resistance inevitably limits their clinical benefit.

Discovery of PF-06873600, a CDK2/4/6 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Cancer.

Control of the cell cycle through selective pharmacological inhibition of CDK4/6 has proven beneficial in the treatment of breast cancer. Extending this level of control to additional cell cycle CDK isoforms represents an opportunity to expand to additional tumor types and potentially provide benefits to patients that develop tumors resistant to selective CDK4/6 inhibitors. However, broad-spectrum CDK inhibitors have a long history of failure due to safety concerns.

Social Media and People With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Metasynthesis of Research Informing a Framework for Rehabilitation Clinical Practice, Policy, and Training.

Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate the experiences of people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and rehabilitation professionals in use of social media after TBI. Design Metasynthesis of a multilevel mixed-methods research design was used in the study. Method A qualitative metasynthesis of (a) evidence in the literature regarding the use of communication technologies and social media after TBI, (b) Twitter data and network analysis, (c) interviews with people with TBI ( = 13), (d) focus groups with TBI rehabilitation professionals ( = 11), and (e) a review of current guidance on safe use of social media was conducted.

Automation and control of laser wakefield accelerators using Bayesian optimization.

Laser wakefield accelerators promise to revolutionize many areas of accelerator science. However, one of the greatest challenges to their widespread adoption is the difficulty in control and optimization of the accelerator outputs due to coupling between input parameters and the dynamic evolution of the accelerating structure. Here, we use machine learning techniques to automate a 100 MeV-scale accelerator, which optimized its outputs by simultaneously varying up to six parameters including the spectral and spatial phase of the laser and the plasma density and length.

Propionate Enhances Cell Speed and Persistence to Promote Intestinal Epithelial Turnover and Repair.

Background And Aims: Gut bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play crucial roles in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. However, how SCFAs regulate epithelial turnover and tissue repair remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated how the SCFA propionate regulates cell migration to promote epithelial renewal and repair.

Breast cancer screening in women at high risk of hereditary breast cancer: an Australian experience.

Background: While population-based breast screening is a well-documented health strategy worldwide, very few centres offer breast-screening programmes specifically targeted at women at high risk of hereditary breast cancer. We present our experience with multimodality breast screening in a high-risk population.

Methods: The outcomes from a familial breast cancer clinic at the North Brisbane BreastScreen Queensland Service providing a multimodality screening programme for high-risk women were reviewed from the prospectively maintained database between 2011 and 2018.

STING controls intestinal homeostasis through promoting antimicrobial peptide expression in epithelial cells.

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) has been shown to play a critical role in orchestrating immune responses to various pathogens through sensing cyclic dinucleotides. However, how STING regulates intestinal homeostasis is still not completely understood. In this study, we found that STING mice were more susceptible to enteric infection with Citrobacter rodentium compared to wild-type (WT) mice evidenced by more severe intestinal inflammation and impaired bacterial clearance.

Intestinal microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids regulation of immune cell IL-22 production and gut immunity.

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and CD4 T cells produce IL-22, which is critical for intestinal immunity. The microbiota is central to IL-22 production in the intestines; however, the factors that regulate IL-22 production by CD4 T cells and ILCs are not clear. Here, we show that microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) promote IL-22 production by CD4 T cells and ILCs through G-protein receptor 41 (GPR41) and inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC).

IL-21 Promotes Intestinal Memory IgA Responses.

The role of IL-21, produced mainly by Th17 cells and T follicular helper cells, has been intensively investigated in B cell differentiation and Ab class switch. However, how IL-21 regulates memory IgA B cell development and memory IgA responses in the intestines is still not completely understood. In this study, we found the total IgA B cells as well as CD38CD138IgA memory B cells were significantly increased in intestinal lamina propria (LP) of TCRβxδ mice after transfer of microbiota Ag-specific Th17 cells but not Th1 cells.