Capacitive immunosensing at gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide electrodes fabricated by one-step laser nanostructuration.

Nanostructured electrochemical biosensors have ushered in a new era of diagnostic precision, offering enhanced sensitivity and specificity for clinical biomarker detection. Among them, capacitive biosensing enables ultrasensitive label-free detection of multiple molecular targets. However, the complexity and cost associated with conventional fabrication methods of nanostructured platforms hinder the widespread adoption of these devices.

Glycan-Based Electrochemical Biosensors: Promising Tools for the Detection of Infectious Diseases and Cancer Biomarkers.

Glycan-based electrochemical biosensors are emerging as analytical tools for determining multiple molecular targets relevant to diagnosing infectious diseases and detecting cancer biomarkers. These biosensors allow for the detection of target analytes at ultra-low concentrations, which is mandatory for early disease diagnosis. Nanostructure-decorated platforms have been demonstrated to enhance the analytical performance of electrochemical biosensors.

β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-V colorectal cancer biomarker immunosensor with label-free electrochemical detection.

β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-V (β-1,4-GalT-V) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein with glycosyltransferase enzyme activity that synthesizes lactosylceramide and glycosylates high-branched N-glycans in the Golgi apparatus. Colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor cells have shown to overexpress these biomolecules concerning normal cells, releasing them into the body fluids. Thus, their detection has been suggested as a diagnosis/prognosis CRC biomarker.

Phosphoglycan-sensitized platform for specific detection of anti-glycan IgG and IgM antibodies in serum.

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are natural conjugates in the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells that result from the attachment of a glycolipid to the C-terminus of many proteins. GPI-APs play a crucial role in cell signaling and adhesion and have implications in health and diseases. GPI-APs and GPIs without protein (free GPIs) are found in abundance on the surface of the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii.

Electrochemical Biosensors for Determination of Colorectal Tumor Biomarkers.

The accurate determination of specific tumor markers associated with cancer with non-invasive or minimally invasive procedures is the most promising approach to improve the long-term survival of cancer patients and fight against the high incidence and mortality of this disease. Quantification of biomarkers at different stages of the disease can lead to an appropriate and instantaneous therapeutic action. In this context, the determination of biomarkers by electrochemical biosensors is at the forefront of cancer diagnosis research because of their unique features such as their versatility, fast response, accurate quantification, and amenability for multiplexing and miniaturization.