Pitfalls in Gynecological Cytology: Review of the Common and Less Frequent Entities in Pap Test.

Background: Pitfalls in Pap test could be defined as false positive, false negative, or underdiagnosed results which can lead to unnecessary diagnostic procedures or delayed and inadequate treatment. It can be a consequence of misinterpretation of certain morphological entities which are described in this paper.

Summary: The paper presents an overview of the morphological features and look-alikes of the common sources of pitfalls such as atrophy, repair, intrauterine device change, tubal metaplasia, hyperchromatic crowded groups, and radiation changes.

Inter- and intraobserver agreement in whole-slide digital ThinPrep samples of low-grade squamous lesions of the cervix uteri with known high-risk HPV status: A multicentric international study.

Background: High-risk human papilloma virus (HR HPV) testing and liquid-based cytology are used for primary cervical screening. Digital cytology, based on whole-slide scanned samples, is a promising technique for teaching and diagnostic purposes. The aim of our study was to evaluate the interobserver and intraobserver variation in low-grade squamous lesions, HR HPV status bias, and the use of whole-slide scanned digital cervical cytology slides.

Organization of the 43rd European Congress of Cytology in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic period: A report.

The 43rd European Congress of Cytology in Wrocław, Poland, was held as a hybrid meeting in the Fall of 2021. After nearly 2 years without in-person cytology conferences, the 43rd Congress represents 1 of the first major international scientific meetings to occur during the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 pandemic. Since March 2020, the pandemic situation substantially modified the organization of scientific meetings because of both domestic and international travel restrictions, new health standards, and concern among participants, resulting in new alternative forms of virtual conferencing.

Diagnostic Three Slides Pap Test Compared to Punch Biopsy and Endocervical Curettage in Confirmed HSIL+ Diagnosis.

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of the diagnostic Pap test (DPT) on three slides and punch biopsy and endocervical curettage (PB/ECC) compared with the final biopsy material in the detection of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL).

Materials And Methods: Patients treated with conization after previous DPT and PB/ECC were analyzed. The findings of the DPT and PB/ECC as well as of the endocervical brush cytology and ECC were compared with the final conus histology.

Recommendations of the European Advisory Committee of Cytotechnology and European Federation of Cytology Societies for Training and Education of Cytotechnologists in Europe.

Background: Faced with changes in cytodiagnostics, cervical cancer screening programs, the introduction and application of new methods, the cytotechnological educational program requires the necessary changes and additions. Insufficient, uneven as well as inaccessible education of cytotechnologists in European countries was the basis for making these recommendations.

Summary: The results of previous research and publications related to the currently available education of cytotechnologists in Europe, the needs and suggestions were given by the European Advisory Committee of Cytotechnology (EACC) and European Federation of Cytology Societies (EFCS) for optimal education of future generations of cytotechnologists were used in the preparation of these recommendations.

The Immunohistochemical Pattern of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Markers In Endometrial Carcinoma.

The majority of endometrial carcinoma are diagnosed at an early stage and exhibit a favorable prognosis. However, 10% to 15% of ECs recur and the majority are type II tumors which are high-grade carcinomas. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been considered as a fundamental step for the development of the invasive phenotype of cancer cells.

Adult Granulosa Cell Tumors of the Ovary: A Retrospective Study of 36 FIGO Stage I Cases with Emphasis on Prognostic Pathohistological Features.

Objective: Adult granulosa cell tumors (AGCTs) represent 2%-5% of all ovarian malignancies. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and pathohistological parameters and their impact on recurrence, overall, and disease-free survival in FIGO stage I AGCT patients.

Methods: The tumor specimens analyzed in this retrospective study were obtained from a total of 36 patients with diagnosis of ovarian AGCT surgically treated at the Department of Gynecology, Rijeka University Hospital Centre, between 1994 and 2012.

Expression of CD133 and CD117 in 64 Serous Ovarian Cancer Cases.

The cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a minority of tumor cells that are able to proliferate and self-renew and might be responsible for tumor initiation and maintenance. The CD133 and CD117 are the most commonly used markers for the putative CSCs, especially for the ovarian CSCs, but its clinical significance remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to compare the immunohistochemical expression of CD133 and CD117 in 64 primary ovarian high grade serous carcinoma and peritoneal metastasis, and to examine their potential clinical role.

[Clinical recommendations for diagnosing, treatment and monitoring of patients with uterine cervical cancer -- Croatian Oncology Society and Croatian Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics as Croatian Medical Association units and Croatian Society of Gynecological Oncology].

Cervical cancer, in comparison with other gynecological malignancies, mainly affects younger women. It can be prevented trough educational programs, screening and early detection. It also can be efficiently treated when it appears.

Evaluation of the HPV L1 capsid protein in prognosis of mild and moderate dysplasia of the cervix uteri.

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) can be detected in the cytologic smears years before invasive squamous cancer arises, but no reproducible morphologic criteria exist to predict behavior of cervical lesions. The possibility of predicting the clinical course of cervical lesions could be of high value in clinical practice and some women will spare of unnecessary treatment. HPV L1 capsid protein represents about 90% of the total protein on the surface of the virus and can be detected in mild to moderate dysplasia and rarely in severe dysplasia.

Villoglandular papillary adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix with aggressive clinical course--a case report.

Villoglandular papillary adenocarcinoma (VGA) of cervix is an uncommon but well recognized histologic subtype of cervical adenocarcinoma which usually affects young women. Based on the favorable outcomes reported in most previous cases the tumor is generally considered to have an indolent clinical course with excellent prognosis. We present a case of a 22-year-old woman admitted at our Department for glandular abnormality on cervical smear and episodes of vaginal discharge.

Cervical cancer screening programme in Primorsko-Goranska County, Croatia--the results of the pilot study.

The opportunistic cervical cancer screening has been conducted in Croatia since its introduction in the 1960s, in the context of a high quality gynaecological cytology with a long tradition and a wide network of primary care gynaecologists. In 2006, a pilot screening programme under the title "Early detection of cervical cancer was conducted in Primorsko-Goranska County (PGC)", as the first organised cervical cancer screening ever conducted in the Republic of Croatia. The pilot screening programme targeted women aged 20-64 years.

Cervical cytology and HPV test in follow-up after conisation or LLETZ.

The patients treated with conservative surgical therapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) have an increased risk to develop invasive cervical carcinoma compared to the general population. Cervical cytology and HPV test are included in the protocols for the detection of treatment failure. The purpose of the study was to analyse cytology-histology correlation after conisation or Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone (LLETZ), resection margin status, compliance to the follow-up protocol and evaluation of cervical cytology and HPV testing in two year period after surgical treatment.

Nuclear morphometry and AgNOR quantification: computerized image analysis on ovarian mucinous tumor imprints.

Objective: To determine the morphometric characteristics of nuclei and silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) on cytologic imprints and their value in differential cytodiagnosis of benign, atypical proliferative (borderline) and malignant ovarian mucinous tumors.

Study Design: Forty-six mucinous ovarian tumor imprints (16 benign, 15 borderline, 15 malignant), were analyzed. Nuclear area, outline, "shape factor" and "form factor" were measured on Papanicolaou-stained smears.

HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in Croatia.

Opportunistic screening based on the Pap smear has been undertaken in Croatia since 1953. However, cervical cancer remains an important health problem in Croatia when compared to European countries with organised screening programmes. In Croatia, in addition to screening based on well established cytology, Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is widely used as secondary test as a triage to borderline cytology and as a follow-up after treatment of severe cervical lesions.

Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

The purpose of this investigation was to analyze and correlate the immunohistochemical pattern of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression with the average of microvessel density (MVD) and other clinicopathologic parameters in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) in order to determine its prognostic significance. Surgical specimens of 93 CCRCC were immunohistochemically analyzed for VEGF expression, MVD with anti-CD31, and Ki 67 proliferative index. VEGF expression was recorded as the percentage of positive tumor cells (<75% and >75%) and as diffuse or perimembranous VEGF expression according to cytoplasmic distribution.