Dietary, socioeconomic, and maize handling practices associated with aflatoxin and fumonisin exposure among women tortilla makers in 5 departments in Guatemala.

Previous research has demonstrated human exposure to mycotoxins among Guatemalans, with high levels of mycotoxins being found in blood and urine samples as well as in maize for human consumption. Mishandling of crops such as maize during pre- and post-harvest has been associated with mycotoxin contamination. The overarching goal of this study was to identify risk factors for aflatoxin and fumonisin exposure in Guatemala.

High yield production of cyanidin-derived pyranoanthocyanins using 4-vinylphenol and 4-vinylguaiacol as cofactors.

Pyranoanthocyanins are anthocyanin-derived pigments with vivid colors and enhanced stability, making them promising food colorants. We evaluated two 4-vinylphenols, decarboxylated p-coumaric (pCA) and ferulic acid (FA), as cofactors for pyranoanthocyanin formation. Cyanidin-3-glycosides from saponified black carrot were incubated with 4-vinylphenol or 4-vinylguaiacol in different anthocyanin-to-cofactor molar ratios (1:1-1:30) to form pyranoanthocyanins.

Comparing the thermal stability of 10-carboxy-, 10-methyl-, and 10-catechyl-pyranocyanidin-3-glucosides and their precursor, cyanidin-3-glucoside.

Pyranoanthocyanins are vibrant, naturally derived pigments formed by the reaction of an anthocyanin with a cofactor containing a partially negatively charged carbon. This study compared the thermal stability and degradation products of 10-carboxy-pyranocyanidin-3-glucoside (pyruvic acid cofactor), 10-methyl-pyranocyanidin-3-glucoside (acetone cofactor), and 10-catechyl-pyranocyanidin-3-glucoside (caffeic acid cofactor) with their anthocyanin precursor to evaluate the role of the pyranoanthocyanin C substitution on stability. Pyranoanthocyanins exhibited absorbance half-lives ~2.

Influence of the Anthocyanin and Cofactor Structure on the Formation Efficiency of Naturally Derived Pyranoanthocyanins.

Pyranoanthocyanins are anthocyanin-derived pigments with higher stability to pH and storage. However, their slow formation and scarcity in nature hinder their industrial application. Pyranoanthocyanin formation can be accelerated by selecting anthocyanin substitutions, cofactor concentrations, and temperature.

Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Uptake in Adolescent Boys: An Evidence Review.

Background: Despite evidence-based guidelines recommending routine vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) for adolescent boys, ages 11-12 years, vaccine uptake among this population remains low.

Aims: To examine reasons for low HPV quadrivalent vaccine uptake and methods available to increase vaccine uptake among adolescent males, ages 11-12 years.

Methods And Results: Of 341 identified studies, 30 were included from three databases.

1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatrine as a reporter of inner spore membrane fluidity in Bacillus subtilis and Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris.

A method to determine the inner membrane fluidity of spore populations was developed using the hydrophobic probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). DPH incorporated into the inner spore membrane of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris N1100, during static and dynamic fluidity experiments. The membrane fluidity of A.