and their phages; a community science approach to discovery and initial testing of prophylactic phage cocktails against American Foulbrood in New Zealand.

American foulbrood (AFB) is a devastating disease of the European honey bee () and is found throughout the world. AFB is caused by the bacterium () Treatment with antibiotics is strictly forbidden in many regions, including New Zealand. Safe and natural prophylactic solutions to protect honey bees from AFB are needed.

Evolution to Increase the Titers of Difficult Bacteriophages: RAMP-UP Protocol.

Background: Bacteriophages are becoming increasingly important in the race to find alternatives to antibiotics. Unfortunately, bacteriophages that might otherwise be useful are sometimes discarded due to low titers making them unsuitable for downstream applications.

Methods: Here, we present two distinct approaches used to experimentally evolve novel New Zealand Paenibacillus larvae bacteriophages.