Do betaine lipids replace phosphatidylcholine as fatty acid editing hubs in microalgae?

Acyl editing refers to a deacylation and reacylation cycle on a lipid, which allows for fatty acid desaturation and modification prior to being removed and incorporated into other pools. Acyl editing is an important determinant of glycerolipid synthesis and has been well-characterized in land plants, thus this review begins with an overview of acyl editing in plants. Much less is known about acyl editing in algae, including the extent to which acyl editing impacts lipid synthesis and on which lipid substrate(s) it occurs.

Implicit and Explicit Number-Space Associations Differentially Relate to Interference Control in Young Adults With ADHD.

Behavioral evidence for the link between numerical and spatial representations comes from the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect, consisting in faster reaction times to small/large numbers with the left/right hand respectively. The SNARC effect is, however, characterized by considerable intra- and inter-individual variability. It depends not only on the explicit or implicit nature of the numerical task, but also relates to interference control.

Mathematical abilities in elementary school: Do they relate to number-space associations?

Considering the importance of mathematics in Western societies, it is crucial to understand the cognitive processes involved in the acquisition of more complex mathematical skills. The current study, therefore, investigated how the quality of number-space mappings on the mental number line, as indexed by the parity SNARC (spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect, relates to mathematical performances in third- and fourth-grade elementary school children. Mathematical competencies were determined using the "Heidelberger Rechentest," a standardized German math test assessing both arithmetical and visuospatial math components.

How Math Anxiety Relates to Number-Space Associations.

Given the considerable prevalence of math anxiety, it is important to identify the factors contributing to it in order to improve mathematical learning. Research on math anxiety typically focusses on the effects of more complex arithmetic skills. Recent evidence, however, suggests that deficits in basic numerical processing and spatial skills also constitute potential risk factors of math anxiety.

Inhibition of return and attentional facilitation: Numbers can be counted in, letters tell a different story.

Prior research has provided strong evidence for spatial-numerical associations. Single digits can for instance act as attentional cues, orienting visuo-spatial attention to the left or right hemifield depending on the digit's magnitude, thus facilitating target detection in the cued hemifield (left/right hemifield after small/large digits, respectively). Studies using other types of behaviourally or biologically relevant central cues known to elicit automated symbolic attention orienting effects such as arrows or gaze have shown that the initial facilitation of cued target detection can turn into inhibition at longer stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs).

Task instructions determine the visuospatial and verbal-spatial nature of number-space associations.

Evidence for number-space associations comes from the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect, consisting in faster reaction times to small/large digits with the left/right hand, respectively. Two different proposals are commonly discussed concerning the cognitive origin of the SNARC effect: the visuospatial account and the verbal-spatial account. Recent studies have provided evidence for the relative dominance of verbal-spatial over visuospatial coding mechanisms, when both mechanisms were directly contrasted in a magnitude comparison task.

The impact of inhibition capacities and age on number-space associations.

Numerical and spatial representations are tightly linked, i.e., when doing a binary classification judgment on Arabic digits, participants are faster to respond with their left/right hand to small/large numbers, respectively (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes, SNARC effect, Dehaene et al.

The impact of mathematical proficiency on the number-space association.

A specific instance of the association between numerical and spatial representations is the SNARC (Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes) effect. The SNARC effect describes the finding that during binary classification of numbers participants are faster to respond to small/large numbers with the left/right hand respectively. Even though it has been frequently replicated, important inter-individual variability has also been reported.

Developing number-space associations: SNARC effects using a color discrimination task in 5-year-olds.

Human adults' numerical representation is spatially oriented; consequently, participants are faster to respond to small/large numerals with their left/right hand, respectively, when doing a binary classification judgment on numbers, known as the SNARC (spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect. Studies on the emergence and development of the SNARC effect remain scarce. The current study introduces an innovative new paradigm based on a simple color judgment of Arabic digits.

The epidemiology of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in community-living seniors: protocol of the MemoVie cohort study, Luxembourg.

Background: Cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are increasingly considered a major public health problem. The MemoVie cohort study aims to investigate the living conditions or risk factors under which the normal cognitive capacities of the senior population in Luxembourg (≥ 65 year-old) evolve (1) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) - transitory non-clinical stage - and (2) to AD. Identifying MCI and AD predictors undeniably constitutes a challenge in public health in that it would allow interventions which could protect or delay the occurrence of cognitive disorders in elderly people.

Oxytocin does not contribute to the effects of cervical dilation on progesterone secretion and embryonic development in mares.

The aim of the present study was, to investigate the effects of oxytocin administration on Day 7 post-ovulation on progesterone secretion, pregnancy rate and embryonic growth in mares. Endogenous stimulation of oxytocin release was compared to the administration of native oxytocin or the long-acting oxytocin analogue carbetocin. At Day 7 after ovulation, mares had to undergo four treatments in a crossover design: (a) control, (b) oxytocin (10 IU i.