Personal and familial factors associated with toilet training.

Purpose: Toilet training (TT) is an important marker in a child's physical and psychosocial development. The present study aimed to evaluate aspects associated to delayed TT.

Material And Methods: We interviewed 372 parents of children who had completed TT up to 48 months before the interview.

Identification of differentially transcribed genes in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to osmotic stress and challenged with WSSV virus.

The effects of hyposmotic stress and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge in expression was studied in the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Messenger RNA from gills of shrimp submitted to osmotic stress was isolated to identify genes differentially expressed through the suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) method. Two subtractive libraries forward and two reverse were constructed to identify up and down-regulated genes under these conditions.

Expression and activity of glutathione S-transferases and catalase in the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei inoculated with a toxic Microcystis aeruginosa strain.

Microcystin (MC) produced during cyanobacteria blooms is notably toxic to human and wildlife. Conjugation with reduced glutathione (GSH) by glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the antioxidant enzymes defenses (e.g.