Effects of vatinoxan in dogs premedicated with medetomidine and butorphanol followed by sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomized clinical study.

Objective: To investigate effects of vatinoxan in dogs, when administered as intravenous (IV) premedication with medetomidine and butorphanol before anaesthesia for surgical castration.

Study Design: A randomized, controlled, blinded, clinical trial.

Animals: A total of 28 client-owned dogs.