Multi-surveyor capture-mark-recapture as a powerful tool for butterfly population monitoring in the pre-imaginal stage.

For many elusive insect species, which are difficult to cover by standard monitoring schemes, innovative survey methods are needed to gain robust data on abundance and population trends. We suggest a monitoring of overwintering larvae for the endangered nymphalid butterfly . We tested different removal and capture-mark-recapture (CMR) approaches in a field study in the "Alb-Donau" region, Germany.

Thermobiological effects of temperature-induced color variations in (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae).

Coloration of animals is important for camouflage, for social behavior, or for physiological fitness. This study investigates the color variation in adults of obtained on subjecting some pre-imaginal stages to different temperature conditions and their thermobiological consequences. To investigate the evolutionary-ecological interactions of temperature and pigmentation in butterflies, caterpillars, and pupae of the small tortoiseshell, (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae), larvae from Central Europe and Scandinavia were reared at temperatures between 7 and 34°C in the laboratory or in the field.