Speciation and evolution of growth form in D. C. (Dalbergieae, Fabaceae): the relevance of Andean uplift and aridification.

The Andean uplift and the concomitant aridification drove the rapid diversification of several plant lineages that were able to colonize warmer and drier habitats at low elevations and wetter and colder habitats at high elevations. These transitions may be facilitated by shifts in plant strategies to cope with drought and cold, which in turn can trigger episodes of accelerated species diversification. Here, we used four nuclear DNA markers to infer phylogenetic relationships of 80 species of annuals, perennial herbs, shrubs and small shrubs that occur in Chile and Argentina.

Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease in Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis Candidates.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) in laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) candidates.

Methods: A chart review of consecutive LASIK candidates who underwent full ocular surface work-up was performed, including ocular surface disease index (OSDI), noninvasive tests (noninvasive tear breakup time [ni-TBUT], tear meniscus height, lipid layer thickness, and meibography), and invasive tests (Schirmer test I, fluorescein TBUT, corneal staining, and meibomian gland [MG] expressibility). The prevalence of DED was calculated according to the Dry Eye Workshop II (DEWS II), and Japanese and Asia Dry Eye Society (JDES/ADES) criteria.