Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 modifies the root transcriptome of walnut trees.

Walnut trees are cultivated and exploited worldwide for commercial timber and nut production. They are heterografted plants, with the rootstock selected to grow in different soil types and conditions and to provide the best anchorage, vigor, and resistance or tolerance to soil borne pests and diseases. However, no individual rootstock is tolerant of all factors that impact walnut production.

Sterols, pleiotropic players in plant-microbe interactions.

Plant-microbe interactions (PMIs) are regulated through a wide range of mechanisms in which sterols from plants and microbes are involved in numerous ways, including recognition, transduction, communication, and/or exchanges between partners. Phytosterol equilibrium is regulated by PMIs through expression of genes involved in phytosterol biosynthesis, together with their accumulation. As such, PMI outcomes also include plasma membrane (PM) functionalization events, in which phytosterols have a central role, and activation of sterol-interacting proteins involved in cell signaling.

Plant-soil synchrony in nutrient cycles: Learning from ecosystems to design sustainable agrosystems.

Redesigning agrosystems to include more ecological regulations can help feed a growing human population, preserve soils for future productivity, limit dependency on synthetic fertilizers, and reduce agriculture contribution to global changes such as eutrophication and warming. However, guidelines for redesigning cropping systems from natural systems to make them more sustainable remain limited. Synthetizing the knowledge on biogeochemical cycles in natural ecosystems, we outline four ecological systems that synchronize the supply of soluble nutrients by soil biota with the fluctuating nutrient demand of plants.

Comparative RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling of ten grapevine rootstocks: shared and specific sets of genes respond to mycorrhizal symbiosis.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis improves water and nutrient uptake by plants and provides them other ecosystem services. Grapevine is one of the major crops in the world. Vitis vinifera scions generally are grafted onto a variety of rootstocks that confer different levels of resistance against different pests, tolerance to environmental stress, and influence the physiology of the scions.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities differ in neighboring vineyards of different ages.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are key organisms in viticultural ecosystems as they provide many ecosystem services to soils and plants. Data about AMF community dynamics over time are relatively scarce and at short time scales. Many factors such as the soil, climate, and agricultural practices could modify the dynamics and functions of microbial communities.

sp. nov., a new nitrogen-fixing symbiovar isolated from root nodules of in Tunisia.

Three bacterial strains, 1AS11, 1AS12 and 1AS13, members of the new symbiovar salignae and isolated from root nodules of grown in Tunisia, were characterized using a polyphasic approach. All three strains were assigned to the complex on the basis of gene analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on 1734 nucleotides of four concatenated housekeeping genes (, , and ) showed that the three strains were distinct from known rhizobia species of the complex and clustered as a separate clade within this complex.

Nitrogen Acquisition and Transport in the Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis-Insights from the Interaction between an Oak Tree and .

In temperate forests, the roots of various tree species are colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi, which have a key role in the nitrogen nutrition of their hosts. However, not much is known about the molecular mechanisms related to nitrogen metabolism in ectomycorrhizal plants. This study aimed to evaluate the nitrogen metabolic response of oak plants when inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius.

The fine-tuning of mycorrhizal pathway in sorghum depends on both nitrogen-phosphorus availability and the identity of the fungal partner.

Sorghum is an important worldwide source of food, feed and fibres. Like most plants, it forms mutualistic symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), but the nutritional basis of mycorrhiza-responsiveness is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the transcriptional and physiological responses of sorghum to two different AMF species, Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae, under 16 different conditions of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply.

Genotypic and symbiotic diversity studies of rhizobia nodulating Acacia saligna in Tunisia reveal two novel symbiovars within the Rhizobium leguminosarum complex and Bradyrhizobium.

Acacia saligna is an invasive alien species that has the ability to establish symbiotic relationships with rhizobia. In the present study, genotypic and symbiotic diversity of native rhizobia associated with A. saligna in Tunisia were studied.

Imaging plant tissues: advances and promising clearing practices.

The study of the organ structure of plants and understanding their physiological complexity requires 3D imaging with subcellular resolution. Most plant organs are highly opaque to light, and their study under optical sectioning microscopes is therefore difficult. In animals, many protocols have been developed to make organs transparent to light using clearing protocols (CPs).

The ROP3 Is Involved in the Establishment of the Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiosis but Not of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.

Legumes form root mutualistic symbioses with some soil microbes promoting their growth, rhizobia, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). A conserved set of plant proteins rules the transduction of symbiotic signals from rhizobia and AMF in a so-called common symbiotic signaling pathway (CSSP). Despite considerable efforts and advances over the past 20 years, there are still key elements to be discovered about the establishment of these root symbioses.

A historical perspective on mycorrhizal mutualism emphasizing arbuscular mycorrhizas and their emerging challenges.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza, one of the oldest interactions on earth (~ 450 million years old) and a first-class partner for plants to colonize emerged land, is considered one of the most pervasive ecological relationships on the globe. Despite how important and old this interaction is, its discovery was very recent compared to the long story of land plant evolution. The story of the arbuscular mycorrhiza cannot be addressed apart from the history, controversies, and speculations about mycorrhiza in its broad sense.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, a key symbiosis in the development of quality traits in crop production, alone or combined with plant growth-promoting bacteria.

Modern agriculture is currently undergoing rapid changes in the face of the continuing growth of world population and many ensuing environmental challenges. Crop quality is becoming as important as crop yield and can be characterised by several parameters. For fruits and vegetables, quality descriptors can concern production cycle (e.

Evaluation of Sown Cover Crops and Spontaneous Weed Flora as a Potential Reservoir of Black-Foot Pathogens in Organic Viticulture.

(1) Background. An extensive survey of grapevine-sown cover crops and spontaneous weed flora was conducted from 2019 to 2020 in organic vineyards in six European countries (France, Italy, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland). Our main objective was to detect and identify the presence of -like asexual morphs species associated with black-foot disease on their roots.

Proteome adaptations under contrasting soil phosphate regimes of Rhizophagus irregularis engaged in a common mycorrhizal network.

For many plants, their symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi plays a key role in the acquisition of mineral nutrients such as inorganic phosphate (Pi), in exchange for assimilated carbon. To study gene regulation and function in the symbiotic partners, we and others have used compartmented microcosms in which the extra-radical mycelium (ERM), responsible for mineral nutrient supply for the plants, was separated by fine nylon nets from the associated host roots and could be harvested and analysed in isolation. Here, we used such a model system to perform a quantitative comparative protein profiling of the ERM of Rhizophagus irregularis BEG75, forming a common mycorrhizal network (CMN) between poplar and sorghum roots under a long-term high- or low-Pi fertilization regime.

Identification of Putative Interactors of Arabidopsis Sugar Transporters.

Hexoses and disaccharides are the key carbon sources for essentially all physiological processes across kingdoms. In plants, sucrose, and in some cases raffinose and stachyose, are transported from the site of synthesis in leaves, the sources, to all other organs that depend on import, the sinks. Sugars also play key roles in interactions with beneficial and pathogenic microbes.

New insights into HcPTR2A and HcPTR2B, two high-affinity peptide transporters from the ectomycorrhizal model fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum.

While plants mainly rely on the use of inorganic nitrogen sources like ammonium and nitrate, soil-borne microorganisms like the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum can also take up soil organic N in the form of amino acids and peptides that they use as nitrogen and carbon sources. Following the previous identification and functional expression in yeast of two PTR-like peptide transporters, the present study details the functions and substrates of HcPTR2A and HcPTR2B by analysing their transport kinetics in Xenopus laevis oocytes. While both transporters mediated high-affinity di- and tripeptide transport, HcPTR2A also showed low-affinity transport of several amino acids-mostly hydrophobic ones with large side chains.

Recovery of Extra-Radical Fungal Peptides Amenable for Shotgun Protein Profiling in Arbuscular Mycorrhizae.

In arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, the belowground mycelium that develops into the soil, not only provides extensive pathways for nutrient fluxes, the occupation of different niches, and dispersal of propagules, but also has strong influences upon biogeochemical cycling. By providing a valuable overview of expression changes of most proteins, shotgun proteomics can help decipher key metabolic pathways involved in the functioning of fungal mycelia. In this protocol, we describe the combination of extra-radical mycelium growth systems with gel-based extraction of fungal peptides amenable for shotgun protein profiling, which allows gaining information about the extra-radical proteome.

Imbalanced Regulation of Fungal Nutrient Transports According to Phosphate Availability in a Symbiocosm Formed by Poplar, Sorghum, and .

In arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, key components of nutrient uptake and exchange are specialized transporters that facilitate nutrient transport across membranes. As phosphate is a nutrient and a regulator of nutrient exchanges, we investigated the effect of P availability to extraradical mycelium (ERM) on both plant and fungus transcriptomes and metabolomes in a symbiocosm system. By perturbing nutrient exchanges under the control of P, our objectives were to identify new fungal genes involved in nutrient transports, and to characterize in which extent the fungus differentially modulates its metabolism when interacting with two different plant species.

Trading on the arbuscular mycorrhiza market: from arbuscules to common mycorrhizal networks.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis occurs between obligate biotrophic fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota and most land plants. The exchange of nutrients between host plants and AM fungi (AMF) is presumed to be the main benefit for the two symbiotic partners. In this review article, we outline the current concepts of nutrient exchanges within this symbiosis (mechanisms and regulation).

Impact of Beneficial Microorganisms on Strawberry Growth, Fruit Production, Nutritional Quality, and Volatilome.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonize the roots of most terrestrial plant species, improving plant growth, nutrient uptake and biotic/abiotic stress resistance and tolerance. Similarly, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) enhance plant fitness and production. In this study, three different AMF (, and ) were used in combination with three different strains of sp.

Pezizomycetes genomes reveal the molecular basis of ectomycorrhizal truffle lifestyle.

Tuberaceae is one of the most diverse lineages of symbiotic truffle-forming fungi. To understand the molecular underpinning of the ectomycorrhizal truffle lifestyle, we compared the genomes of Piedmont white truffle (Tuber magnatum), Périgord black truffle (Tuber melanosporum), Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum), pig truffle (Choiromyces venosus) and desert truffle (Terfezia boudieri) to saprotrophic Pezizomycetes. Reconstructed gene duplication/loss histories along a time-calibrated phylogeny of Ascomycetes revealed that Tuberaceae-specific traits may be related to a higher gene diversification rate.