Smoking trends and health equity in Switzerland between 1992 and 2017: dependence of smoking prevalence on educational level and social determinants.

Background: Switzerland ranks among the top three healthcare systems in the world with regards to healthcare access, suggesting a high degree of health equity. However, Switzerland has few preventive strategies against smoking abuse. The aim of this study is to clarify whether educational level and citizenship status have an influence on the prevalence of smoking in Switzerland and whether there is health inequity related to a lack of preventive strategies.

Fluoride-promoted cross-coupling reactions of alkenylsilanols. Elucidation of the mechanism through spectroscopic and kinetic analysis.

The mechanism of the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of (E)-dimethyl-(1-heptenyl)silanol ((E)-1) and of (E)-diisopropyl-(1-heptenyl)silanol ((E)-2) with 2-iodothiophene has been investigated through spectroscopic and kinetic analysis. A common intermediate in cross-coupling reactions of several types of organosilicon precursors has been identified as a hydrogen-bonded complex between tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) and a silanol. The order in each component has been determined by plotting the initial rates of the cross-coupling reaction at varying concentrations.