"Live Cadaver" Model for Internal Carotid Artery Injury Simulation in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery.

Background: Intraoperative injury of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is the most dreaded complication in endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) of skull base. Training for ICA injury is practically impossible in live operative settings.

Objective: To evaluate a pulsatile perfusion-based live cadaveric model for ICA injury simulation in a laboratory setting.