Embedded Ethics in Practice: A Toolbox for Integrating the Analysis of Ethical and Social Issues into Healthcare AI Research.

Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into critical domains such as healthcare holds immense promise. Nevertheless, significant challenges must be addressed to avoid harm, promote the well-being of individuals and societies, and ensure ethically sound and socially just technology development. Innovative approaches like Embedded Ethics, which refers to integrating ethics and social science into technology development based on interdisciplinary collaboration, are emerging to address issues of bias, transparency, misrepresentation, and more.

Accepting Moral Luck and Taking Responsibility in Public Health Crises.

We see cases of moral luck arising in recent times, as we face the uncertainties of provisional rules for navigating the coronavirus pandemic. How should we respond to rule-breakers, and how should they view themselves, when they cause harm inadvertently? Although some argue that guilt is unnecessary for any harm that may result from luck, this paper takes moral luck seriously and encourages consideration of the benefits to be achieved by expressions of self-blame amidst troubling circumstances, from pure accidents to how we live during pandemics. It argues that rule-breakers in public health crises show us the importance of taking responsibility for our actions.

Embedded ethics: a proposal for integrating ethics into the development of medical AI.

The emergence of ethical concerns surrounding artificial intelligence (AI) has led to an explosion of high-level ethical principles being published by a wide range of public and private organizations. However, there is a need to consider how AI developers can be practically assisted to anticipate, identify and address ethical issues regarding AI technologies. This is particularly important in the development of AI intended for healthcare settings, where applications will often interact directly with patients in various states of vulnerability.

Technological Answerability and the Severance Problem: Staying Connected by Demanding Answers.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic technologies have become nearly ubiquitous. In some ways, the developments have likely helped us, but in other ways sophisticated technologies set back our interests. Among the latter sort is what has been dubbed the 'severance problem'-the idea that technologies sever our connection to the world, a connection which is necessary for us to flourish and live meaningful lives.

Artificial Moral Responsibility: How We Can and Cannot Hold Machines Responsible.

Our ability to locate moral responsibility is often thought to be a necessary condition for conducting morally permissible medical practice, engaging in a just war, and other high-stakes endeavors. Yet, with increasing reliance upon artificially intelligent systems, we may be facing a widening responsibility gap, which, some argue, cannot be bridged by traditional concepts of responsibility. How then, if at all, can we make use of crucial emerging technologies? According to Colin Allen and Wendell Wallach, the advent of so-called 'artificial moral agents' (AMAs) is inevitable.

Artificial Agents in Natural Moral Communities: A Brief Clarification.

What exactly is it that makes one morally responsible? Is it a set of facts which can be objectively discerned, or is it something more subjective, a reaction to the agent or context-sensitive interaction? This debate gets raised anew when we encounter newfound examples of potentially marginal agency. Accordingly, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and the idea of "novel beings" represent exciting opportunities to revisit inquiries into the nature of moral responsibility. This paper expands upon my article "Artificial Moral Responsibility: How We Can and Cannot Hold Machines Responsible" and clarifies my reliance upon two competing views of responsibility.

Changing the mindset for precision medicine: from incentivized biobanking models to genomic data.

The emerging paradigm in contemporary healthcare, precision medicine, is widely seen as a revolutionary approach to both clinical treatment and overall health promotion. Precision models are making use of the most up-to-date technological advancements - such as genomics and 'big data' processing - in an effort to tailor healthcare to each individual. Yet the list of hurdles to successful implementation of precision medicine is no secret.

Taking one for the team: a reiteration on the role of self-blame after medical error.

In a critique of my work on 'taking the blame' as a response to medical errors, my position on the potential goods of individual responsibility and blame is challenged. It is suggested that medicine is a 'team sport' and several rich examples are provided to support the possible harms of practitioner self-blame. Yet, it appears that my critics have misunderstood my demands and to whom they are directed.

The positive value of moral distress.

Moral distress in healthcare has been an increasingly prevalent topic of discussion. Most authors characterize it as a negative phenomenon, while few have considered its potentially positive value. In this essay, I argue that moral distress can reveal and affirm some of our most important concerns as moral agents.

Taking the blame: appropriate responses to medical error.

Medical errors are all too common. Ever since a report issued by the Institute of Medicine raised awareness of this unfortunate reality, an emerging theme has gained prominence in the literature on medical error. Fears of blame and punishment, it is often claimed, allow errors to remain undisclosed.

Rethinking moral distress: conceptual demands for a troubling phenomenon affecting health care professionals.

Recent medical and bioethics literature shows a growing concern for practitioners' emotional experience and the ethical environment in the workplace. Moral distress, in particular, is often said to result from the difficult decisions made and the troubling situations regularly encountered in health care contexts. It has been identified as a leading cause of professional dissatisfaction and burnout, which, in turn, contribute to inadequate attention and increased pain for patients.

Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation Trial: A Philosophical Justification for Non-Voluntary Enrollment.

In a current clinical trial for Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation (EPR), Dr. Samuel Tisherman of the University of Maryland aims to induce therapeutic hypothermia in order to 'buy time' for operating on victims of severe exsanguination. While recent publicity has framed this controversial procedure as 'killing a patient to save his life', the US Army and Acute Care Research appear to support the study on the grounds that such patients already face low chances of survival.