Mortality in patients with severe COVID-19 who underwent tracheostomy due to prolonged mechanical ventilation.

Background: The usefulness of tracheostomy has been questioned in patients with COVID-19 and prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV).

Aim: To compare the 90-day mortality rate of patients who underwent a tracheostomy due prolonged IMV with those that did not receive this procedure.

Material And Methods: We studied a historical cohort of 92 patients with COVID-19 and prolonged IMV (> 10 days).

Acquired brown syndrome in a child with acute rheumatic fever.

Purpose: To describe a rare case of acquired Brown syndrome (ABS) associated with acute rheumatic fever (ARF).

Case Report: a healthy 9-year-old girl developed polyarthritis, carditis, and elevated inflammatory markers 10 days after suffering from a sore throat. She was diagnosed with ARF and was treated with systemic antibiotics and high-dose non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).

Diplopia in the Younger Adult (≤65 Years Old) Compared With Older Adult (>65 Years Old) Population-Presentation, Progression, and Outcome.

Background: Despite the impact of new-onset diplopia on the quality of life, there are few studies concerning new-onset diplopia in seniors. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology, etiology, prognosis, and outcome of different treatments in the older adults compared with younger adult patients presenting with new-onset binocular diplopia.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients ≥18 YO with new-onset binocular diplopia presenting between 2010 and 2021.

The 100 Most-Cited Articles on Optic Neuritis: Trends of Subtypes, Authorship, and Time.

Background: Optic neuritis (ON) is an optic nerve inflammation that may lead to different degrees of vision loss. In recent decades, ON research facilitated a better understanding of the disease and its subtypes. This bibliometric analysis aimed to detect the 100 most-cited medical articles related to ON in the last 50 years (1972-2021) and describe publication trends arising from the list.

[OPTIC DISC EDEMA IN McCUNE-ALBRIGHT SYNDROME].

Introduction: Craniofacial polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, as part of McCune-Albright syndrome, can have severe complications including vision loss. Also, patients with this syndrome are at greater risk of secondary intra-cranial pressure elevation due to medication side effects.

Background: : A 6-year-old girl with McCune-Albright syndrome and polyostotic craniofacial fibrous dysplasia and optic canal narrowing, developed signs of slowly progressive optic nerve compression on clinical examination including deteriorating visual acuity, positive relative afferent pupillary defect )RAPD) and bilateral optic disc swelling.

[CASE SERIES OF EARLY NEUROIMAGING IN PATIENTS WITH VASCULAR RISK FACTORS AND ISOLATED SIX CRANIAL NERVE PALSY, DEMONSTRATING THE DILEMMA OF EARLY IMAGING].

Introduction: There are various etiologies for isolated third, fourth and sixth cranial nerve palsies. The most common etiology in adults aged 50 years and older with vascular risk factors such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hyperlipidemia, is microvascular ischemia. The role of early neuroimaging in older patients with vascular risk factors presenting with acute isolated ocular motor nerve palsy is controversial.

"Black curtain, Brown window" - A case of recurrent intermittent idiopathic Brown syndrome with atypical presenting symptoms.

Brown syndrome is characterized by limited elevation of the eye in an adducted position, most often secondary to mechanical restriction of the superior oblique tendon/trochlea complex. It can be constant or intermittent/recurrent. We report on a 5 years-old boy who complained of seeing dark curtain and had strange head movements.

Divergence bias in Hess compared to Harms screen strabismus testing.

The Hess and the Harms screen test each have different testing distances. While the Harms screen test is usually performed at 2.5 m, the Hess screen test is performed at 0.

Remifentanil-Induced Secondary Hyperalgesia Is Not Prevented By Preoperative Acetazolamide Administration In Patients Undergoing Total Thyroidectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Purpose: Acute administration of remifentanil may lead to opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Studies in mice suggest that OIH is mediated by impaired anionic homeostasis in spinal lamina I neurons due to a down-regulation of the K-Cl co-transporter KCC2, which was reverted using acetazolamide (ACTZ), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. We propose that ACTZ prevents remifentanil-mediated OIH in humans.

Bilateral Transient Myopia with Sulfasalazine Treatment.

Purpose: Several case reports of transient drug-induced myopia have been reported, mainly due to sulfa drugs. We present a case of a sudden and significant increase in myopia associated with initiation of Sulfasalazine for long-standing ulcerative colitis in an adult Caucasian female.

Case Report: Our patient presented to the emergency room with acute bilateral visual loss.

Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Neurons Mediate CO-Induced Arousal from Sleep.

Arousal from sleep in response to CO is a critical protective phenomenon. Dysregulation of CO-induced arousal contributes to morbidity and mortality from prevalent diseases, such as obstructive sleep apnea and sudden infant death syndrome. Despite the critical nature of this protective reflex, the precise mechanism for CO-induced arousal is unknown.

Reliability of Cyclotorsion measurements using Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy imaging in healthy subjects: the CySLO study.

Background/aims: To evaluate inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of objective cyclotorsion measurements obtained in healthy subjects using the Heidelberg Spectralis spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) device.

Methods: In this prospective methodological study, 32 healthy subjects (14 men, 18 women; aged 21-64 years) were enrolled, 31 right eyes were examined and their foveo-papillary angles (FPAs) were measured. The retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) programme by Heidelberg Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) was used to measure cyclotorsion based on the in-built algorithm for the measurement of the FPA on the scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) image.

Strabismus Measurements with Novel Video Goggles.

Purpose: To assess the validity of a novel, simplified, noninvasive test for strabismus using video goggles.

Design: Cross-sectional method comparison study in which the new test, the strabismus video goggles, is compared with the existing reference standard, the Hess screen test.

Participants: We studied 41 adult and child patients aged ≥6 years with ocular misalignment owing to congenital or acquired paralytic or comitant strabismus and 17 healthy volunteers.

[TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA].

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss in people under 65 years of age. Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common cause of moderate visual impairment in individuals with DR. Until recently, focal or grid laser photocoagulation has been the standard of care for DME.

[PHACOEMULSIFICATION IN EYES WITH NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD)].

Introduction: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the western world. The debate continues over the safety of cataract surgery in the setting of neovascular (wet) AMD. This retrospective review aims to describe our experience in treating patients with wet AMD, who underwent cataract surgery by phacoemulsification.

[BISPHOSPHONATES AND OCULAR INFLAMMATION].

Bisphosphonates are a group of drugs used for treatment in several bone diseases such as osteoporosis in women, Paget's disease, hypercalcemia of malignancy, primary malignancies of the bone and metastatic bone disease (breast and prostate carcinoma). Numerous reports in the medical literature described ocular side effects in patients treated with these drugs. We report on two patients, treated with bisphosphonates due to malignancy, who presented with unilateral and bilateral uveitis.

Parainfectious optic neuritis: manifestations in children vs adults.

Background: Parainfectious optic neuritis may appear at any age. The aim of our report was to compare the clinical manifestations and outcomes of this form of optic neuritis between children and adults.

Methods: The study sample consisted of all patients diagnosed with parainfectious optic neuritis evaluated by 2 neuro-ophthalmology services between 2005 and 2012.

Effect of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab on optic nerve head leakage and retinal ganglion cell survival in a mouse model of optic nerve crush.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of bevacizumab, a VEGF inhibitor, on optic nerve edema and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in a mouse model of optic nerve crush (ONC).

Methods: Two hundred C57BL/6 wild-type mice were anesthetized. Right ONC was induced in 150 mice, of which half (n = 75) received an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab immediately thereafter and half (n = 75) did not.

Presumed melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR): a presenting sign of primary small intestinal melanoma?

Melanoma-associated retinopathy is a paraneoplastic retinopathy associated mostly with cutaneous melanoma. In most cases it presents months to years after diagnosis of primary cutaneous melanoma was made or after recurrence. We describe a 55-year-old male patient who presented with symptoms of decreased vision and photopsia.