Periodic limb movement disorder in children: A systematic review.

This systematic review evaluates the scientific literature on pediatric periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), adhering to PRISMA guidelines and utilizing PICOS criteria. The search across PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus yielded 331 articles, with 17 meeting inclusion criteria. Diagnostic criteria evolved, with polysomnography and PLMS index ≥5 required since 2003.

Periodic leg movements during sleep associated with antidepressants: A meta-analysis.

Studies explicitly reporting data concerning the evaluation of the effect of antidepressants on the periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS) index obtained by polysomnography were reviewed and selected. A random-effects model meta-analysis was carried out. The level of evidence was also assessed for each paper.

Pediatric sleep: current knowledge, gaps, and opportunities for the future.

This White Paper addresses the current gaps in knowledge, as well as opportunities for future studies in pediatric sleep. The Sleep Research Society's Pipeline Development Committee assembled a panel of experts tasked to provide information to those interested in learning more about the field of pediatric sleep, including trainees. We cover the scope of pediatric sleep, including epidemiological studies and the development of sleep and circadian rhythms in early childhood and adolescence.

Clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose treatment for restless legs symptoms and low serum ferritin in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) may be underdiagnosed in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) due to difficulty expressing the symptoms in their own words. In addition, administration of oral iron may be particularly difficult in children with ASD.

Methods: This was a retrospective, open-label case series of children with ASD, restless legs (RL) symptoms, and serum ferritin <30 μg/L, who either had failed or did not tolerate oral iron, and were subsequently treated with intravenous (IV) ferric carboxymaltose (FCM).

Clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose treatment of pediatric restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder.

Background: Iron supplementation is the most commonly considered treatment option for children with restless legs syndrome (RLS) or periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD); however, there is a scarcity of evidence on the effectiveness of intravenous preparations. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness and tolerability of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (IV FCM) on clinical symptoms and iron indices in children with RLS or PLMD.

Methods: This was a single-center retrospective data analysis.

Leg movements during sleep in children treated with serotonergic antidepressants.

Study Objectives: To evaluate leg movements during sleep (LMS) in children taking serotonergic antidepressants, compared to those of children with restless legs syndrome (RLS) and controls, and to assess the time structure of intermovement intervals (IMI).

Methods: Twenty-three children (12 girls, mean age 14.1 years) on antidepressants and with a total LMS index ≥ 15/h, 21 drug-naïve RLS children (11 girls, mean age 13.

Heart rate changes associated with the different types of leg movements during sleep in children, adolescents and adults with restless legs syndrome.

The objective of this study was to describe in detail the heart rate changes accompanying short-interval leg movements during sleep, periodic leg movements during sleep, and isolated leg movements during sleep in children and adolescents with restless legs syndrome, and to compare them with the same findings in adults with restless legs syndrome. We analysed time series of R-R intervals synchronized to the onset of short-interval leg movements during sleep, periodic leg movements during sleep or isolated leg movements during sleep that entailed an arousal during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. We assessed cardiac activation based on the heart rate changes with respect to baseline during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep without leg movements.

Scoring of large muscle group movements during sleep: an International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group position statement.

There is a gap in the manuals for scoring sleep-related movements because of the absence of rules for scoring large movements. A taskforce of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) elaborated rules that define the detection and quantification of movements involving large muscle groups. Consensus on each of the criteria in this article was reached by testing the presence of consensus on a first proposal; if no consensus was achieved, the concerns were considered and used to modify the proposal.

Consensus Guidelines on Rodent Models of Restless Legs Syndrome.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a chronic sensorimotor disorder diagnosed by clinical symptoms. It is challenging to translate the diagnostic self-reported features of RLS to animals. To help researchers design their experiments, a task force was convened to develop consensus guidelines for experimental readouts in RLS animal models.

Restless sleep in children: A systematic review.

This systematic review assessed the prevalence of restless sleep in children, documented the association of restless sleep with other conditions, and summarized the existing evidence regarding whether restless sleep should be considered a distinct sleep disorder. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was performed using the broad search term "restless sleep" in all fields. Of the 266 articles retrieved, 107 were retained for inclusion in this review.

Comparison between oral ferrous sulfate and intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in children with restless sleep disorder.

Study Objectives: Recent work has identified clinical and polysomnographic features of a newly defined pediatric sleep disorder, restless sleep disorder (RSD). One of these features is low serum ferritin. In this retrospective, pilot study, we assess the response to iron supplementation.

Peculiar lifespan changes of periodic leg movements during sleep in restless legs syndrome.

The objective of this observational cohort study was to analyse the age-related changes of periodic leg movements during sleep using the newest international scoring rules, to expand past analyses, including patients in the paediatric age range, and also to analyse the changes of short-interval and isolated leg movements during sleep throughout the lifespan. One hundred and sixty-five patients (84 women) with restless legs syndrome were recruited in the following age groups: 16 preschoolers (≤5 years of age), 29 school-age children (6-12 years), 19 adolescents (13-17 years), 17 young adults (19-40 years), 47 adults (41-60 years) and 37 seniors (>60 years). Total, periodic, short-interval and isolated leg movements during sleep and periodicity indexes were obtained by polysomnography.

Evidence-based and consensus clinical practice guidelines for the iron treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease in adults and children: an IRLSSG task force report.

Background: Brain iron deficiency has been implicated in the pathophysiology of RLS, and current RLS treatment guidelines recommend iron treatment when peripheral iron levels are low. In order to assess the evidence on the oral and intravenous (IV) iron treatment of RLS and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) in adults and children, the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) formed a task force to review these studies and provide evidence-based and consensus guidelines for the iron treatment of RLS in adults, and RLS and PLMD in children.

Methods: A literature search was performed to identify papers appearing in MEDLINE from its inception to July 2016.

Leg movement activity during sleep in school-age children and adolescents: a detailed study in normal controls and participants with restless legs syndrome and narcolepsy type 1.

Study Objectives: To evaluate leg movement activity during sleep (LMS) in normal school-age children and adolescents, to eventually establish age-specific periodic LMS (PLMS) index thresholds that support the diagnosis of restless legs syndrome (RLS), and to evaluate the utility of other LMS indices.

Methods: Polysomnographic recordings from 61 controls, 46 children with RLS, and 44 children with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) were analyzed for total leg movements (LMS), PLMS, and isolated leg movements (ISOLMS) duration and indices, separately for school-age children and adolescents. Moreover, intermovement interval (IMI) graphs and time-of-night distribution of LMS were analyzed, and cut-off thresholds for PLMS index and total LMS index were assessed for the separation of RLS from controls.

Pharmacokinetics of rotigotine transdermal system in adolescents with idiopathic restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease).

Objective: To investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of rotigotine transdermal system in adolescents with moderate-to-severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS).

Methods: This multicenter, open-label, dose-escalation study enrolled patients ≥13 to <18 years of age. Rotigotine transdermal patches were applied daily and up-titrated weekly: 0.

Periodic leg movements during sleep: phenotype, neurophysiology, and clinical significance.

Periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS) are the most important objective finding in restless legs syndrome (RLS). During the last decade, PLMS have been very important for the assessment and comprehension of their pathophysiological correlates, which have been paralleled by the emergence of new computer-assisted and data-driven rules for their identification, scoring, and analysis. The present article focused on the most relevant PLMS-related findings of the last decade, and sought to provide a coherent and comprehensive overview on this enigmatic motor phenomenon.

Depth and Distribution of Symptoms in Restless Legs Syndrome/ Willis-Ekbom Disease.

Study Objectives: To determine the depth and distribution of sensory discomfort in idiopathic restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS) and RLS concurrent with other leg conditions, specifically peripheral neuropathy, sciatica, leg cramps, and arthritis.

Methods: RLS subjects (n = 122) were divided into 71 idiopathic RLS and 51 RLS-C, or Comorbid, groups. All subjects were examined by an RLS expert, answered standardized RLS questionnaires, and received a body diagram to draw the location and depth of their symptoms.

Achievements, challenges, and future perspectives of epidemiologic research in restless legs syndrome (RLS).

In the 20 years since the initial consensus on a common definition for restless legs syndrome (RLS), over 600 scientific reports on epidemiological aspects of RLS have been published. Most are descriptive and address important issues such as prevalence, familial patterns, comorbidities, and quality of life. While the establishment of prospective cohort studies and the use of secondary data sources are rather new to RLS research, both options significantly broaden the possibilities for analysis of disease risk factors.

Consensus clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease during pregnancy and lactation.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS)/Willis-Ekbom disease (WED) is common during pregnancy, affecting approximately one in five pregnant women in Western countries. Many report moderate or severe symptoms and negative impact on sleep. There is very little information in the medical literature for practitioners on the management of this condition during pregnancy.

Review of quality of life instruments for the restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease (RLS/WED): critique and recommendations.

Objectives: Over the last decade therapeutic, pathogenetic, epidemiological and genetic research in restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease (RLS/WED) has required the development of specific quality of life scales and sleep scales. A Movement Disorder Society Task Force formally evaluated the quality of these scales.

Methods: A literature search retrieved 5 quality of life instruments specific to RLS.

Review of diagnostic instruments for the restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease (RLS/WED): critique and recommendations.

Objectives: Over the last decade, increased research on therapy, pathogenesis, epidemiological and genetic aspects of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease (RLS/WED) has necessitated development of diagnostic instruments specific to RLS. The Movement Disorder Society commissioned a task force to formally evaluate the available evidence on diagnostic instruments in RLS.

Methods: A literature search identified 4 instruments specific to RLS.

Review of Severity Rating Scales for Restless Legs Syndrome: Critique and Recommendations.

Over the last decade, research in restless legs syndrome (RLS; also known as Willis-Ekbom disease) has increased dramatically. The International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society commissioned a task force to formally evaluate the available evidence on severity rating scales in RLS. A literature search retrieved instruments specific to RLS.

Restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease diagnostic criteria: updated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) consensus criteria--history, rationale, description, and significance.

Background: In 2003, following a workshop at the National Institutes of Health, the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) developed updated diagnostic criteria for restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS/WED). These criteria were integral to major advances in research, notably in epidemiology, biology, and treatment of RLS/WED. However, extensive review of accumulating literature based on the 2003 NIH/IRLSSG criteria led to efforts to improve the diagnostic criteria further.